Kant and Categorical Imperatives Essay

So as to assess one’s activities whether they are good or not, we utilize numerous ethical situations. One of them is Kant’s unmitigated objective. This exposition presents Kant’s task of unmitigated goal. At that point, I will clarify that rulers should speak to Kant’s clear cut basic when settling on international strategy choice. So as to help my perspective, I will offer significance to the reasons of why rulers bid to downright basic when making international strategy, so I have two purposes behind this. One of them is that states rely upon one another in financially and strategically. Subsequently, so as to give this dependability which implies that keep on remaining among different states, states should act through the standards of downright basic which are generally legitimate, honest goal and never utilizing individuals or different states as intends to end. The subsequent explanation is that if rulers offer to absolute basic when settling on international strategy choices, the world can be progressively tranquil. Since, wars and clashes which are brought about by terrible aim, utilizing others or states as means for picking up favorable circumstances which are not all around legitimate can be obstructed by downright goals. At long last, I will reason that the Kant’s straight out goals are as yet legitimate and vital when rulers are settling on international strategy choices. On the off chance that we clarify quickly Kant’s clear cut goal, there are fundamentally three rules that speak to it. These are all inclusive law, finishes as a methods and the significance of aim in directing of human conduct. Right off the bat, as indicated by Kant, one’s activity ought to be all around substantial. General legitimacy implies that individuals should think practices and they have to pass judgment on their own practices or activities are ethically adequate or not. At the point when you think about your conduct, in the event that you conclude that everybody demonstrations similarly with me, at that point the activity become general and good. The second standard of clear cut basic is that individuals must regard others and never use them for accomplishing a few objectives. Finally, the third however the most significant measure of unmitigated basic is saying, which implies goal. Virtue is controlled by the expectation of individuals, which is called general adage. On the off chance that your aim is acceptable, at that point your activity is good. The results of your activity are not significant, the most significant thing is your aim. Consequently, being good in your activities relies upon the all inclusive legitimacy. In any case, it doesn't make a difference that how your activities close on others whether they are fortunate or unfortunate. So as to clarify the main explanation of why rulers should speak to clear cut basic when settling on international strategy choices, we can consider the developing exchange between the states. States become progressively associated when exchanges among different states grow. Reliance isn't just significant financially yet in addition politically on the grounds that all monetary or business action relies upon political places of the states. At the point when states exchange between one another, they become commonly subject to each other’s political favorable circumstances. Additionally, world markets are impacted by legislative issues and state’s power on the planet markets relies upon its international strategy. In this way, states ought to set up great relations with different states. Consequently, when settling on international strategy choices, ruler should engage absolute objective. Initially, rulers’ activities must be all around substantial. In the event that state’s remote choices are inside legitimate, at that point state can't profit by this strategically and financially. For instance, if the state choose to change the cost of its fare merchandise up without endorsement of different states, at that point states couldn't sell its products whose cost increment, on the grounds that different states need to purchase similar products from another nation whose cost is less expensive. Second point is that if state’s expectation is terrible and this sort of goal is comprehended by different states, this state is rebuked by different states, which have a connection with this state. Therefore, the express that is censured turns out to be distant from everyone else on the planet market and world approach with no preferred position both strategically and financially. Thus, states ought to have a well meaning goal when they have relations with different states. The subsequent explanation is that standards of unmitigated basic can give harmony and request if rulers offer to them when settling on international strategy choices. Since, states begin to think generally while acting toward different states as opposed to acting naturally intrigued. Also, acting with sincere goals and not utilizing individuals or different states as means give equity and request on the planet. Since, each state needs to be incredible and they attempt to get more force than different states. It implies that so as to arrive at their points, they just can utilize other international strategy entertainers as apparatuses. At the end of the day, they can utilize different states as a way to their finishes. Because of this sort of activity, war between states is inescapable. It is on the grounds that when one state can act in that manner toward others at that point, different states likewise act in comparable way. Thus, their inclinations can be likely tangled and tumult in world governmental issues can emerge. Nonetheless, if states consider the standards of all out goal, there will be likely no contention or turmoil on the planet governmental issues. All in all, when the standards of downright basic are concerned, we effectively understand that they rely upon one another and they help us to assess the activities, which are good. These standards of absolute basic have a similar objective that is being good. For to be good, the activities ought to be general and ought not have the point of utilizing others so as to pick up focal points. On the off chance that rulers direct through the standards of absolute goal, at that point, clearly the world would be increasingly serene and reasonable. Be that as it may, these commitments are not tried in today’s world governmental issues. However, it is sufficient to realize that downright basic is as yet substantial and is important to apply to today’s states of international strategy.

Developmental Psychology Paper Essay

Piaget, Erikson, and Kohlberg. I chose to lead individual meetings and relate my discoveries to these three hypotheses. Piaget’s hypothesis clarified the four phases of intellectual turn of events. Erikson partitioned psychosocial advancement into eight phases, depicting how the individuals and the earth influences how we gain our character. Kohlberg’s hypothesis of good advancement was to comprehend the thinking to why we settle on the choices we do. The following are the manner by which my discovering identify with these different formative mental hypotheses. Piaget’s four phases of intellectual improvement start with the sensorimotor stage. This stage is from birth to around two years old when the newborn child makes their first comprehension of their general surroundings by taste and contact. At two years old to six or seven years, the youngster advances into the pre-operational stage. In this stage the child’s believing is as yet egocentric. Despite the fact that this age bunch has stable ideas and mental thinking, they come up short on the rationale for mental tasks and can just think in their perspective. At that point the solid operational stage starts at around seven years of age and goes on until the youngster is, surmised, eleven years of age. During this stage, the kid can comprehend and frame straightforward scientific tasks. Egocentrism will be dispensed with and they will not, at this point have the option to see life from one viewpoint (their own perspective). Not just in scientific activities, the kid can see numerous perspectives when taking care of an issue. At this stage, they start to frame an awareness of other's expectations for their pets as well as close to home possessions. Formal operational, Piaget’s last stage, starts around age twelve and proceeds through adulthood. Formal operational stage is the point at which the chid forms into a grown-up and is fit for dynamic idea and good thinking impacts dynamic. The experimentation technique starts here, alongside the beginning of thinking about future results and outcomes from choices. Erikson’s eight phases of psychosocial advancement start with birth to the primary year of life. During this time a newborn child is totally vulnerable and depends off their guardian for everything. For this first year it is urgent for the guardian of the baby to frame a relationship for socialization improvement. The subsequent stage reaches out from the primary year of the kid to age three, when there is a contention between uncertainty or disgrace and self-sufficiency. The genital, or third stage keeps going from age four to age five. The contention here is among imitative and a sentiment of blame. The fourth stage, the inertness stage, keeps going from six to eleven years of age. This is the point at which a y oungster figures out how to reason, make, and win. The contention is among industry and mediocrity. These initial four phases are increasingly reliant on others and the individual is handily impacted by their condition. The last four phases of Erikson’s formative hypothesis happens when the individual starts to look for their develop self and an ability to know east from west. The fifth stage starts with youth, that endures from age twelve to age eighteen. Here, the contention is among character and job disarray. The juvenile changes into the youthful adulthood stage, enduring from age eighteen to twenty-five. This is when building up a feeling of character and vocation achievement. This is the point at which the individual is on the way to development and autonomy. Adulthood endures around from thirty-five, to fifty five years of age. During this stage the grown-up begins to give their insight to another. The contention is between simplification or self retention. The last phase of advancement is development. This stage goes on til' the very end, when the individual battles to think back on existence with a feeling of fulfillment and assess our life. Kohlberg’s hypothesis of good advancement gives us a more clear comprehension of why we settle on decisions. This hypothesis was partitioned into three phases of good thinking. The most essential stage, is pre-show. During this stage the possibility that we settle on our choices because of dread of discipline or want for remuneration happens. A youngster is destined to settled on choices with this stage, because of a dread or acquiescence to power. Next, customary ethical quality is to a lesser extent a dread to a power figure, more the individual needing to make the best decision. This is society adjusting us to get along to keep up social request. Post-regular might be something contrary to customary. Post-traditional doesn't mean we plan something incorrectly for beat similarity, yet an individual will follow what they accept to be acceptable regardless of whether it clashes with the laws or mores of society. As per Piaget’s second stage, the pre-operational stage, the child’s musings and activities are egocentric and need rationale for mental tasks. The kid I met had an eg otistical point of view, lacking sensible objectives and accomplishments. As of now in the child’s life, they are additionally at Erikson’s inactivity stage, when they figure out how to reason, make, and gain, along these lines clarifying why one of this child’s greatest achievements was blending two soft drinks to make one. Taking everything into account, Piaget’s and Erikson’s hypotheses can precisely foresee a child’s contemplations and practices. Adolescents are increasingly convoluted, for they have moved past the dormancy stage into the pre-adulthood stage. Character improvement and job disarray are the bigger clashes. Additionally now, they change into the formal operational stage, when they can think uniquely and settle on their own choices. When inquired as to whether she had picked up or lost self-assurance over the course of the years, the young lady I talked with, Ashley, reacted: â€Å"So I lost it all through center school, yet step by step began picking up it through high school.† This is expected to Ashley battling and starting to discover her character. She had as of now objectives that she needed to accomplish and had the option to anticipate what she needed to do in five years. As a youngster, Ashley can settle on choices for different reasons than dread of discipline or want. A stage away from adulthood, at pre-adulthood Ashely is practically ready to act and think like a grown-up. Adulthood is like pre-adulthood as it were. Because of the way that the two adolescences and grown-ups can settle on choices utilizing any of the recently referenced good thinking systems and both are in the formal operational stage. While, adulthood keeps on fanning ceaselessly from youth is just obvious utilizing Erikson’s formative stages. The youthful grown-up I talked with, Dustin, is going back and forth of two phases: youthful adulthood and adulthood. At this point, Dustin ought to have a feeling of self and autonomy. â€Å"Back then I had no aspiration, I simply needed to lay computer games. I mean I despite everything need to play computer games, however I additionally need cash and to be successful,† said Dustin when I asked him how extraordinary he was from when he began secondary school. Throughout the years his wants and objectives changed as he developed with his profession. However, at forty-seven with four children and a vocation, the lady I met had no issues understanding her character ulike an adolescent or youthful grown-up might have. Her contentions are sweeping statement, feeling useless or without reason throughout everyday life. As indicated by Erikson, at this stage moderately aged grown-ups want to give their insight and aptitudes to the people to come. When asked what she needed to accomplish in the following five years, she reacted: â€Å"I need to get every one of the four my children monetarily free and begin setting aside cash for retirement.† She likewise shared her expectations about her kids getting hitched and having children: â€Å"I’ll have the option to play with them however not need to stress over all the responsibilities.† Towards the finish of our lives when we arrive at old adulthood, different encounters can be satisfying or frustrating. The last phase of Erikson’s hypothesis, development, when the individual battles to think back on what they have finished with a feeling of fulfillment. At the point when I asked my grandmother what she needed to accomplish in the following five years, there was a delay in her voice and I could tell the appropriate response she exclaimed was not authentic. Maybe my grandmother had experienced so a lot, she not, at this point needed to challenger herself with more life obstacles. â€Å"I think kids had a great time and didn’t stress over material things,† she said after I asked how things were diverse currently contrasted with when she was a youngster. My grandmother thought back on her past affectionately, and offered me exhortation how I should act later on. She had more guidance and information to pass on than prepares of her. Through the span of the actualizing these speculations into my own meetings, I have discovered that the improvement of the mind works in stages, and the three logical examinations could precisely foresee the practices of the different age bunches I addressed. Taking everything into account, the investigations were exceptionally powerful in clarifying how our practices and advancement increment after some time, and in which request they do.

Midterms The Most Stressful Time of the Year

Midterms The Most Stressful Time of the Year It is that time of year in Champaign-Urbana: midterm week (or should I say, midterm weeks).   Midterms begin around March 1 and go just about until spring break. And let me tell you, it is the most stressful time of the year. Gif from Giphy.com They key to midterm week survival is time management, time management, and time management.   If you do have more than one midterm in the same week, being proactive will decrease your stress immensely. Photo from Giphy.com As far as study habits go, I’ll keep it short and simple. Cramming does not equal memory retention. It is also more beneficial to study smaller amounts of material over a span of nights, rather than cramming the night before the exam. Gif from Giphy.com Most importantly, though, it is important to take care of yourself, especially during such a stressful time. Make sure to get enough exercise to give yourself a brain break, but more importantly, do not forget to eat balanced meals. Gif from Giphy.com All in all, there is no way to completely avoid the midterm blues, but these tips can definitely help reduce the stress. Rachel Class of 2020 I am studying Middle Grades Education with concentrations in Social Sciences and Literacy in the College of Education. Although I now reside in Champaign, I am originally from Vernon Hills, a Northwest suburb of Chicago.

Comparing the New England and Chesapeake Regions Essay

Comparing the New England and Chesapeake Regions The New England colonies were formed by Protestants who were escaping England. They ‘planned’ their society. When they came over they brought entire families, not just random people. The Chesapeake region colonies were formed by whoever signed up. The reasons that resulted in the differences between the New England and the Chesapeake colonies were political, social, and economic. The political reasons for the differences were that in New England there was a basic plan. In document D I found that after a group of people grows to forty families it is then considered a town. This document also tells that everyone got some land. Document E adds some more pieces to the puzzle by†¦show more content†¦This would make the people behave quite nicely. In document B I am told that entire families were brought over from England. This would make it quite a bit easier to get communities growing. Also, under document D they intended, with all haste, to find a minister. This would give the community a sense of continuity, and would make the people behave quite a bit more. Now on to the Chesapeake region. Under document C random people, whoever signed up, were brought over, and not many of them were female. This lead to many problems, because the people didn’t want to work. This deal, however, was good for the females, because they got an extremely large, at least for this time, amount of freedom. In document F it is stated that there is unrest among the people. Some of them even tried to steal some supplies and the ship and go home. Document G talks about how no one wanted to do anything, even defend their place. Now for the economic reasons. The Chesapeake region developed a tobacco economy, everything they did was to grow or sell tobacco. Document H states that the poor were unhappy. In a society the poor are sometimes unhappy, but in this case the rich did nothing to make the poor feel any better. In New England the economy was not extremely important, but the average person here was wealthier than the average person in England. The New England and Chesapeake regions were vastly different, even though they were settled by the same country.Show MoreRelatedDifference in Societies of New England and Chesapeake Region Essays645 Words   |  3 PagesAlthough New England and the Chesapeake region were both settled largely by people of English origin, by 1700 the regions had evolved into two different societies, why did this difference in development occur? For different reasons, settlers chose to inhabit the regions of New England and Chesapeake. The social economic and political reasons separated these groups. 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The Foolproof Physics Extended Essay Topics Strategy

The Foolproof Physics Extended Essay Topics Strategy Luckily essay writing is one particular location where you can. As everyone probably knows, simply because you've got a definition essay topic and a couple examples doesn't signify you've got an essay. Is music to produce your essay topics. Because the protracted essay contains far more words than a typical essay, the option of topic should be such a good argument can be developed and resolved. Optionally, you may choose to include things like an appendices page too. Is a remarkable website for a fast synopsis of several physics topics Michel van Biezen on youtube has a video for just about any sort of problem it is possible to encounter. The paper is going to be delivered on time especially whenever your time is running out. The very first pick will normally get you a guaranteed great player but since you aren't going to get pick again for twenty-four more spots you need to hope that player meets all your expectations. The neighborhood draft gives owners a chance to get to understand one another and even wheel and deal with trades and acquisitions that could aid them throughout the season. The remainder of the game had no actual strategy. The service is well worth every penny as you just have to watch for the completed essay. By employing laser, it can be used for security purposes. When students learn how to compare and contrast various themes, styles and approa ches to art, they really consider what characterizes different elements of art history. Consult your EE supervisor about anything that you are not certain about. Writing is a rather common class activity. High school students who complete the programme receive a chance to produce their college application seem more attractive for the committee, together with obtain some exceptional interdisciplinary understanding. Some teachers might just take on students since they have to and might not be passionate about reading drafts and might not provide you a good deal of feedback. The Basics of Physics Extended Essay Topics The body of your EE should constitute the majority of the essay. As you look at these various topics, you should do a streamline your research efforts for them, and that's the entire advantage of doing these particular varieties of papers. Psychology is a significant utility in regards to helping people jump over hurdles in practically any life situation. One o f the most typical reasons people search for assistance with essay writing is they realize they're running out of time. Therefore, if there's any reason why you cannot have your extended essay written on time yourself, all you have to do is place your order on our site, and leave the rest to us! Defining a superb partner means you will have to choose what qualities someone must have in order to be best for you. Doing this will at least give you a sense on how you are able to write about your subject of interest. If a person is uber rich, the middle class appears to be poor. What Everybody Dislikes About Physics Extended Essay Topics and Why Talking over your favorite topic with your supervisor should hopefully avoid choosing a poor topic. Aviation would be a very good topic. Physics essays can be created simple by selecting a topic that's relevant and interesting to the student. To think of an ideal IB history extended essay topic, you ought to pick a particular subject area within the field. To make locating a topic a bit easier, students may use a few of the ideas in the next list. The Ultimate Approach for Physics Extended Essay Topics All I can do is list a couple of things that would be recommended to take into consideration when you're looking at an IA topic. If you're really stuck trying to discover a not too broad or narrow topic, I suggest attempting to brainstorm a topic that utilizes a comparison. Don't forget, further security can be enforced within the application before allowing a transaction in place of during the login procedure. The applications need elaborate webforms and data entry to safeguard your company derives its intended outcomes. Physics Extended Essay Topics Secrets That No One Else Knows About Both your introduction and your conclusion needs to be clear and they shouldn't be repetitive. For example, Physics guidelines might not be so similar to English guidelines and you absolutely have to keep this in mind. Do not compose a lengthy compound sentence if you may write it as two individual sentences. Every so often you'll find yourself with more than 1 example to select from on precisely the same subject.

Coursework on ‘Othello’ Free Essays

string(53) " over Iago as Cassio and Othello are both outsiders\." A tragic event is a disastrous and dreadful event. A tragedy is usually when someone is killed. A hero is usually a man who is courageous and displays noble qualities; he is perceived by people to be very muscular and strong. We will write a custom essay sample on Coursework on ‘Othello’ or any similar topic only for you Order Now So a tragic hero is a person who is an exceptional person, but has a fatal flaw. This is normally exposed and then twisted by the villain. To the audience he is amazing, and so when he is killed it is a tragedy for the audience as the world has lost such an outstanding person, the hero then can no longer contribute to society. In this play the tragic hero is Othello. He is a tragic hero as he as achieved a lot. He is an outsider, and also is not very young; in addition he is not white, but black. Even though he is all of this he still becomes a general and attracts a very beautiful seventeen year old girl. But he has a flaw; this is his jealousy. This flaw is twisted and exploited by the villain of the play, Iago. As the play goes on we see how jealousy corrupts the mind of Othello, resulting in his death. In this play there are many different themes shaped and formed. These are jealousy, men and women and race and colour. The main theme represented in this play, is jealousy. There are three main types of jealousy in this play they are professional, sexual and racial. Professional jealousy is portrayed by Iago in this play as he is jealous of Michael Cassio. This is because he was promoted to lieutenant by Othello and Iago was not. Iago calls Michael Cassio a ‘great arithmetician’ he shows that he is jealous of Cassio as he is doing better than him even though he is also a outsider. He may have become Othello’s lieutenant as he, like Othello, is an outsider. When Iago says ‘A fellow almost damned in a fair wife’ he is showing that he is sexually jealous of Cassio as he is more sexually attractive than him and many women like him. This makes Iago feel more hate and jealousy for Cassio. When Iago is talking to Brabantio he says ‘An old black ram is tupping your white ewe’ this is showing that Iago is racially jealous of Othello. Therefore this shows that Iago is jealous that Othello has married a beautiful and noble, young girl. All of these various types of jealousy felt by Iago in the play lead to terrible tragedies. The opening scene creates a build up of atmosphere with political and social aspects. The scene begins at night in Venice. Venice was infamous for political intrigue. There were many Machiavellian characters around. It was known to be an amoral place, where the people could not be trusted as they where cunning and sly. The scene is set at night where dark and underhand deeds are covered up, and not seen by the light of day. It begins with two characters, Roderigo and Iago, disputing. Roderigo is fervent to possess Desdemona, with the help of Iago. They talk about another character who has been appointed by the council, general of the Venetian army. We learn that he is a Moor and an outsider. Also we find out that one Michael Cassio is the lieutenant, a position which Iago craves. Othello in this scene is not referred to by name, and we soon learn that he is hated by Roderigo and Iago. All of this talk about Othello makes the audience anxious to find out about him and meet this quite exceptional person. This causes a mood and atmosphere of curiosity and dramatic tension. In the first scene of ‘Othello’ Iago is introduced. This scene is very important as it lays the foundations for the tragedies which develop later in the play. As he is introduced he has a big impact on the audience. He is portrayed in the first scene to be a person who is in control of what he does, and someone who has control over others, and seems to be someone who is ambitious. Iago is brought into the first scene talking to Roderigo. Roderigo begins the dialogue with Iago. In his few opening lines he says ‘Iago, who hast had my purse as if the strings were thine, shouldst know of this. This shows that Roderigo does not trust Iago about him being able to procure Desdemona, from Othello for him. Also this shows the audience that Iago’s services can be bought with money, revealing that he is mercenary. Furthermore the name Iago sounds Spanish, so to the Stuart audience this would show instantly that he was a malevolent character, as at this time to England the Spanish people were enemies. Following Roderigo’s few words, Iago replies with a blasphemous ‘sblood’ meaning God’s blood. This shows his derision for Christ and for Christian values. This single word would have shocked and surprised the Stuart audience, who were religious. Iago asserts his hate towards the ‘Moor’ Othello. He says in great detail about Othello ‘off-capped to him; I am worth no worse a place. But he, as loving his own pride and purposes, evades them with a bombast circumstance, horribly stuffed with epithets of war. ‘ Here he is telling Roderigo how he despises Othello for not letting him become a lieutenant, instead passing him over for ‘one Michael Cassio, a Florentine. Iago then calls Cassio ‘a great arithmetician’ this is Iago being sarcastic; he is implying that Michael Cassio has no experience or idea of war. Iago speaks on talking about Michael Cassio by insulting where he is from, saying that he is a ‘Florentine’. He is saying that Cassio the Florentine knows nothing of war. This displays Iago of being racially prejudiced to foreigners and outsiders. This is the same for Othello; there may be a reason to why Cassio was chosen over Iago as Cassio and Othello are both outsiders. You read "Coursework on ‘Othello’" in category "Papers" Iago comments on Cassio, of being ‘a fellow almost damned in a fair wife. This reveals that he may be sexually jealous of Cassio, as many women are attracted to him. Iago continues on, to again insult Cassio even more saying ‘that never set a squadron in the field, nor the division of a battle knows more than a spinster, unless the bookish theoric. ‘ This shows that he may be upset about being passed over for promotion, and his abhorrence for Cassio. I believe from what I have seen from what Iago says about Cassio, he may feel intellectually inferior to Cassio as he says ‘as masterly as he is’ screening that Iago may feel he has been challenged by someone better and more academic than him. This is the audience’s first sign of professional jealousy. Iago then finally ends this speech with a sardonic phrase of ‘his moorship’ this is a derogatory connotation, which is a play on the phrase ‘his worship. ‘ Iago proves to Roderigo just how much he hates Othello, by insulting him and by slandering Cassio. With all of this hatred Iago has he causes the demotion of Cassio, the murder of Desdemona, the suicide of Othello and the downfall of himself. Our visions of Othello are all shaped by what Iago says in his dialogue with Roderigo. The audience may become doubtful of what Iago says as his views are amoral. There are important lines from this long speech revealing Iago’s real character. But the main theme of this speech is how he hates Othello, and his lack of true loyalty and integrity. Moreover he tells Roderigo his plan and how it will affect him; Roderigo follows Iago foolishly not seeing that he is being used because of his desire to possess Desdemona. This speech also shows how Iago is able to ingeniously manipulate people. He begins to say ‘I follow him to serve my turn upon him’ this is basically showing how is only serving Othello to help himself and using it for his advantage. This shows that Iago is ambitious as he knows what he wants, and does anything to get it. Also he is disloyal and self-serving as he is just getting what he wants out of his actions, and is betraying his so called friend Othello. In addition he is cunning and sly getting exactly what he wants, by deceiving people. He says an important line which is ‘heaven is my judge, not I for love and duty’ this shows that Iago is not interested in love and does not really care about it. He has no concept of love. This leads to the later point of his attitude towards women in general. He also says the blasphemous phrase of ‘I am not what I am’ this shows that he is going against God’s words of ‘I am what I am. ‘ This shows that he once again is disrespectful of Christian values and of Christ. But this line could also be showing that Iago may have a layer to his character, which is unseen by other people. We can see that what Roderigo says is an echo of how Iago speaks, especially about Othello. We witness Roderigo say a racist comment about Othello, ‘the thick-lips owe. ‘ This is a phrase which is mirrored from the way Iago addresses Othello. Iago is manipulating people to become like him, evil. Iago feels he needs to instigate his plan and tells Roderigo to ‘rouse Brabantio, make after him, poison his delight, proclaim him in the streets. ‘ This shows that Iago delights in causing trouble and enjoys stage managing chaos. Roderigo is polite and kind in talking to the senator, getting them nowhere so it is Iago’s crude and disgusting descriptions of ‘an old black ram, is tupping your white ewe’ which make Brabantio irate. The animal imagery here is representing the sexual connection between Desdemona the noble women with the ‘Moor’ general Othello. This sexual reference is then linked with the suggestion of Cassio being ‘a fellow almost damned in a fair wife,’ and with his job to help match up Roderigo and Desdemona. This shows that Iago thinks of women to be objects, and disregards love. He is unable to understand love, or the relationships between men and women. We can see from this scene that Iago is able to control and manipulate people to his own advantage. From this scene altogether we see that Iago is a cynical malcontent. He is malicious in his acts and crude with his language, he is able to manipulate people for his own needs, and exaggerates situations to his own advantage. We see how he despises men who wear their hearts on their sleeves, and who don’t look out for their own interests. He likes people, who are self-serving, and people who do evil deeds for money, people who are untrustworthy and who pretend to be honest. His speeches in these scenes are energetic and shocking to many audiences, they are full of egotistical disgust. Furthermore Iago has an underhand way of being absent when actions which he has instigated come to head. Iago is a compelling and sophisticated villain. In this play there are two main scenes where Iago puts his Machiavellian plans in to operation. Iago’s plans are malicious; he puts his plans into action in act 2 scene 3, and in act 3 scene 3. In act 2 scene 3 all of Iago’s tactics and ideas become reality. Upon arrival in Cyprus Iago persuades Cassio to have a drink by saying ‘come, lieutenant, I have a stoup of wine. ‘ Cassio keeps on refusing Iago’s offers, as he has ‘very poor and unhappy brains for drinking. ‘ But Cassio is not able to resist it, and takes some wine, causing him to become ‘full of quarrel and offence. ‘ Iago perceives this as his chance to instigate his plan. Continuing to manipulate Roderigo effortlessly, he makes him start off a quarrel and a brawl with Cassio. Cassio gets wound up by Roderigo, as Roderigo gives witty remarks like ‘beat me? ‘ These comments from Roderigo and the fact that he is drunk cause Cassio to get aggravated, and therefore fight. Othello gets alerted by the brawl, and finds Montano and Cassio fighting. Montano is hurt, ‘zounds I bleed still. ‘ Othello asks ‘honest Iago’ to find out what happened. This is dramatic irony as Othello thinks that Iago is an honest person, whereas the audience knows that he is not, that he is crude and evil. This puts the audience in the position of knowing more than the characters, increasing tension. Othello dismisses Cassio from his position, and he is demoted, just as Iago wanted. As Cassio is dismissed, Iago gets the chance to take his place, and get access to Othello so he can poison and corrupt his mind with his words. Iago speaks and acts in this scene as if he always has someone else’s interests at heart. He enjoys presenting himself in the best possible light. In this scene as Othello is being informed on the brawl by Iago, Iago acts as if he wants to help Cassio, he says to Othello ‘I had rather have this tongue cut from my mouth than it should do offence to Michael Cassio. This is all part of Iago’s plan to make himself look trustworthy and loyal, towards Othello. He here seems to be reluctant to accuse Cassio. This is not only to make Iago look loyal, but also to make Othello see how disgracefully his lieutenant has acted. Othello likes to here the direct truth, even though he appreciates the false ‘protection’ of Cassio, given by Iago. We see Iago’s ingenious and spiteful ideas when he decides to use Desdemona, who is innocent, and who he has no quarrel with, to ‘enmesh them all. ‘ We see how pleased he is in his speech, that he has the intelligence and power to turn Desdemona’s ‘virtue into pitch. As before we see how Iago dislikes honesty and innocence. Even Iago’s wife Emilia, is fooled in thinking that Iago wants to help Michael Cassio. Iago’s only loyalty is to himself. Iago’s imagery is crude, he will convince Othello that all the meetings that Iago and Desdemona are having, is an affair. He is planting the seeds of jealousy into Othello’s mind. He tries to convince him that his wife wants Cassio, and that she will ‘undo her credit with the Moor. ‘ In this scene Iago disrupts Othello’s wedding night, and Iago turns Othello against the people he trusted and loved. Act 3 scene 3 is the pivotal scene where Iago puts his Machiavellian plans into operation. Iago wants Othello to perceive that Cassio is having an affair with Cassio. Iago in this scene once again is pretending to be friends with Cassio. Iago knows exactly how Othello operates, and so he knows how to get inside his head. Iago tries to avoid answering Othello’s questions directly. He does this as he knows this builds up suspicion in Othello’s mind. He also often imitates Othello’s questions as he Othello says ‘is he honest. ‘ Subsequently Iago avoids the question and says ‘honest my lord! This is another technique that Iago uses to raise suspicion from ‘Othello. Iago when talking to Othello about Desdemona repeatedly reminds him how she had deceitfully behaved, and the painful reminder that he is an outsider. Iago tells Othello that she could have made other ‘natural’ choices. Iago keeps angering Othello by manipulating and poisoning his mind. Iago tells Othello ‘look to your wife; observe her well with Cassio; where your eyes thus, not jealous nor secure. ‘ He essentially tells Othello to see his wife neutrally, and not to get angry when looking upon her with Cassio. Another way that Iago tries to persuade Othello is by saying ‘she did deceive her father, and when she seem’d to shake and fear your looks. ‘ Iago here tries to show Othello that she is not loyal and noble, as she already deceived her father by marrying him, because of what she wanted. So Iago is questioning Othello, on what is stopping her from doing it again. Iago pretends to care about Othello as he says ‘trust me I fear it has. I hope you will consider what is spoke comes from my love. ‘ He is telling Othello that he has his best interests at heart. After Iago knows that the poison he gave to Othello through words has held, and once Othello has become vengeful, he knows he must take the role of being a noble and loyal friend. There is irony here as Othello is seeking to kill Cassio; he is carrying out Iago’s revenge for him. WE find out from this scene that Othello is weak and insecure, as the emotion of love that he has for Desdemona loses against Iago’s crude language. Othello left alone he wonders ‘Why did I marry? ‘ This shows that he already knows that his wife is false. He begins to speak of ‘the curse of marriage. ‘ Although he resists Iago’s version of Desdemona, it is the fake story of Cassio having a dream about her which breaks him. He returns angry much more angry with his words, but still does not know what to believe ‘I think my wife be honest, and think she is not. ‘ But we see from the crude images conjuring in his mind, and the violence of his speech that Iago is winning. He speaks violently of ‘poison, or fire, or suffocating streams. ‘ He curses ‘death and damnation’ and says ferociously ‘I’ll tear her all to pieces. We see here that Iago has fully corrupted his mind, and Othello like Roderigo is beginning to talk with crude and malicious language, just like Iago. Iago’s plans in act 3 scene 3 are successful, as he is able to demote Cassio from his position. Iago is able to successfully play a number of roles, and is able to adapt his tone and style to suit any occasion. In this scene Iago acts apparently loyal, and as if he has everybody else’s interests at heart. He presents himself as a noble friend to Cassio, and in the best possible light. From discrediting Cassio, Iago is able to get close to Othello. This then means that he is able to corrupt and poison Othello’s mind, with his crude words. The demotion weakens Othello’s position, and gives Iago a great advantage to put his wicked plan into operation. As Iago gains access to Othello’s mind from Cassio, he is able to use his skills in manipulation, to make Othello see things that are not actually happening. He makes Othello perceive that Cassio is having an affair with Desdemona, and that she is being unfaithful towards him. Also he makes Othello demote Cassio because of a brawl, which Roderigo initiated. These events, which are stage managed by Iago all lead to the tragic denouement, Othello and Desdemona’s deaths. The way he acts in this scene is similar to the way he acts in act 1 scene, as he pretends to have Roderigo’s interests at heart in act 1 scene 1, and in act 2 scene 3 he acts as if he has Cassio’s interests at heart. In both scenes he appears to be loyal to his friends, when he is actually fooling everyone and is only loyal to himself. Also in both of these scenes he is always manipulating people, just to see the downfall of Othello. Part of Iago’s success in act 2 scene 3 lies in the fact that he tells all of his victims exactly what they want to hear, or he uses arguments which would make his victims think like him, in a crude malicious manner. Act 3 scene 3 is the pivotal point in the play because Othello is convinced of his wife’s corruption; Othello makes a sacred oath never to change his mind about her or to soften his feelings towards her until he acts out a violent revenge. At this point, Othello is fixed in his course, and the disastrous ending of the play is unavoidable. Othello swears to Iago that he will kill Desdemona and Cassio. Just as the play replaces the security of peace with the anxiety of domestic strife, Othello replaces the security of his marriage with the hateful paranoia of an alliance with Iago. Iago is the one who causes Othello’s downfall, as he sows the seeds of suspicion in his mind. Iago’s methods in this scene are more subtle. He pretends to be reluctant to speak. Desdemona keeps irritating Othello, by asking when he will reinstate Cassio. This angers Othello as; he is already suspicious of Cassio having an affair with Desdemona. Iago persistently acts as if he is protecting Cassio. Othello becomes more and more suspicious from what Iago tells him, and Iago uses ‘key’ words which get to Othello, for example ‘think’ and ‘honest. ‘ We can see how Iago falsely protects Cassio as he says, ‘I think Cassio’s an honest man. ‘ Iago is protecting Cassio and not telling Othello the direct truth. This causes Othello to feel more suspicious of Cassio. Iago tells Othello about how Cassio and Desdemona have secretly been meeting, and so when Othello perceives it himself he becomes infuriated. Othello gives the secret of his downfall to Iago. This is Othello’s flaw. Othello says ‘when I love thee not, chaos is come again. ‘ The significance is that if Othello stops loving Desdemona he will disintegrate, and crumble to pieces. Iago now has something to act on, and can exploit this feeling, to ‘poison’ and destroy Othello. Iago’s final words in this scene chillingly mock the language of love and marriage: ‘I am your own forever. ‘ Iago is a malicious, malevolent and crude person. He is able to manipulate, and twist people’s feelings to his own advantage. He is brilliant at stage managing events, and is capable of hoodwinking others to believe he is honest. When Iago speaks in his soliloquies he is boastful and dismissive. Iago is a very untrustworthy character, as we have seen from how he has fooled everyone to trust him. Iago is a complex character, only himself and the audience knows what he is really like. In this play we see how Iago is able to put his skills of manipulation into act. Many believe he may have a homosexual side and tries to replace Desdemona, but this is only some views as his relationship with Othello is very complicated. Iago is highly intellectual socially. In this play he is the bringer off death and pain upon many characters, he is like the grim reaper. Iago is partly responsible for bringing death to Othello, but it is not all his fault. It is true that he used his skills to manipulate people, and his ability to ‘poison’ and corrupt people’s minds to bring Othello’s downfall, but it is also the faults of the people he manipulated, for being weak minded. Roderigo, who was firstly manipulated, followed Iago as his drive and passion to possess Desdemona got in the way. Cassio’s flaw was that he only became manipulated as he believed Iago was his true friend, and that he was there to help him, he was also too trusting. Desdemona also had a fatal flaw, which was that she could be deceitful; also she loved and trusted Othello to a great extent. Finally Iago’s greatest achievement was convincing and manipulating Othello. Othello has the most significant fatal flaw; he had a high amount of jealousy. Iago was able to exploit all of these weaknesses. But the biggest was Othello’s which all lead to the catastrophic deaths of Othello and his Desdemona. How to cite Coursework on ‘Othello’, Papers

Privatization Of Airports Essays - Airport, Public Transport

Privatization Of Airports For 51 years Bergstrom Air Force Base was home to fighter pilots, bombers, troop carriers and reconnaissance jets. It was the first port of call for President Lyndon B. Johnson on his trips home to LBJ Country aboard Air Force One, it was where Chuck Yeager, the first pilot to break the sound barrier, once brought a disabled jet to rest in an emergency landing. In September 1993, in the path of military cutbacks Bergstrom Air Force Base was closed. But the timing was fortuitous, because the closure came as the city of Austin, Texas was considering where to build a new airport. In 1993, the expected economic loss to Austin from the Bergstrom closure was estimated at $406 million a year and a loss of some 1000 jobs. But with the possibility of utilizing the prior Bergstrom Air Force Base as an airport the Austin economy was expected to have an opportunity to rebound and even improve these results from the base closure by privatizing the airport. The trend worldwide toward airport privatization presents an exciting and dynamic opportunity for the flying public, governments, operators and investors. The overall success of privatization of airports has been seen by the sale of long-term leases for three of the largest airports in Australia for $2.6 billion. Following this success, the Government of Australia announced their plans to privatize fifteen more airports. Several Latin American airports already are in private hands. Major airports in Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela are already concessioned or scheduled for privatization over the next two years. Smaller airports in Central America and the Caribbean also are to be privatized. In Europe, a significant number airports have been privatized and opportunities are imminent in Germany, Portugal and elsewhere. Governments in Southeast Asia, Africa, and the world over also are developing airport privatization plans. Why has this marked trend emerged and why did the city of Austin choose to act in this capacity? Governments in many cases do not have the financial capacity to invest in airport expansion as well as meet other needs of their citizens. They are recognizing that on one hand there are limits to their own knowledge of, and expertise, in managing airports; and, on the other, that such expertise can be provided by others with the effect of reducing costs, increasing revenues and improving services. An important objective in many instances is to increase competitiveness and enhance ability to attract economic development by improving airport facilities and obtaining additional air service. The private sector increasingly has come to view airports as an attractive investment; airports serve a dynamic growth industry--commercial aviation--and represent essential infrastructure with a near monopoly. Qualified private airport operating companies have materialized and others will evolve, while successful public airport operators are seeking to expand to provide airport management services--generally as part of broader investor groups. As a result, substantial numbers of airports will come to be operated by a worldwide network of airport operators. These worldwide operators will engage in healthy competition with each other to be efficient and offer superior services, and thus support the objectives of the investor groups in which they participate. The city of Austin expectations by privatizing were: ?h Accountability. Private contractors are paid for results. This gives them an unwavering focus on performance that can rarely be sustained in a public agency. Moreover, private contractors operate under the very real possibility that if their performance is found lacking, the contract may end. This accountability is transferred directly to employees who must deliver top-notch performance to preserve their position in a private organization. ?h Performance-based Compensation. Just as private contractors are paid based on results, they can base employee compensation on performance. Contractors can pay bonuses for exceptional performance and give merit increases alone rather than longevity-based pay increments. This elicits greater productivity and effectiveness from staff. ?h Management Expertise. Contractors develop expertise to compete effectively. They hire well-known experts and develop management structures geared toward continuous improvements in performance. ?h Flexibility. Private contractors have the flexibility to respond quickly to changing program requirements or evolving needs of organizations. They can acquire new technology, obtain new equipment, reorganize offices, and/or adjust staffing

Gender Inequality essays

Gender Inequality essays Under-representation of women in managerial posts in the UK Women in the workplace are a relatively recent development. The first time a woman was allowed to take up a so-called mans job in this country was during the war, when the men were away serving their country. It took Emmiline Pankhurst and her fellow suffragettes nearly forty years to finally get the womens vote. Even though this was their primary struggle, they indirectly fought for equal opportunities for women in the workplace as well. Nearly a whole century later, prejudices still exist about women being the weaker sex. Many laws have been passed against sexual discrimination such as the Equal Pay Act (1970) and the Sex Discrimination Act (1976). However, women are still singled out. For example, just recently a former nurse, Kate Bleasdale, received a record amount of compensation: 2.2 million. She had set up her own company in 1985, called Match Group, whose purpose was to re-train and help qualified nurses to find suitable jobs. However, she was subject to hate mails and verbal abuse from her male board members. She also found out that her (male) finance director was paid more than she was. She was finally forced to leave the organisation. Her compensation is in light of a new law to be passed in 2003 against religious and sexual discrimination in England, Scotland and Wales. But the question we need to ask is that do these laws actually have any effect on the way male colleagues treat their female counterparts? Although these acts have been fairly introduced, there still remains what is known as the glass ceiling. This metaphor suggests the invisible barrier that women have to face in order move up the hierarchical ladder in their specific organisations. It stops them from achieving their full potential even though they are fully aware about exactly what their full potential&ap...

Turning Spanish Adjectives Into Nouns

Turning Spanish Adjectives Into Nouns In Spanish, almost any descriptive adjective (and a few others) can be used to function as a noun by preceding it with a definite article such as el or las. Typically, adjectives made into nouns are the equivalent of the English ____ one or ____ person as in the following examples: azul (blue), el azul, la azul (the blue one)pobre (poor), los pobres (the poor people)nuevo (new), el nuevo, la nueva (the new one)mexicano (Mexican), el mexicano, la mexicana (the Mexican) The gender and number will depend on whats being referred to:  ¿Quà © casa prefieres? - La blanca. (Which house do you prefer? The white one.)Habà ­a muchas fresas. Comprà © las ms frescas. (There were many strawberries. I bought the freshest ones.)Habà ­a muchos pltanos. Comprà © los ms frescos. (There were many bananas. I bought the freshest ones.) Sometimes, nouns made from adjectives take on meanings of their own, at least in certain contexts. The definitions below arent the only ones possible: roto (torn), el roto (the tear)mal (bad), el mal (evil, wrongful act, sickness)perdido (lost), el perdido, la perdida (the reprobate, the lost soul)decolorante (causing something to lose its color), el decolorante (bleach)semejante (similar), los semejantes (fellow human beings) The adjective-turned-noun is in the neuter gender when the adjective is turned into an abstract noun or when the adjective-turned-noun is not referring to a specific person or thing. The singular neuter definite article is lo; in plural, the neuter is the same form as the masculine, with a definite article of los. Such neuter nouns are translated in a variety of ways, depending on the context: Fuera lo viejo, venga lo nuevo. (Out with the old, in with the new.)Lo importante es que tenemos la oportunidad. (The important thing is that we have the opportunity.)Los interesantes son los intangibles. (What are interesting are the intangibles. Here, the English seemed less awkward when the first phrase was translated as an adjective.)Te regalo lo tuyo. (I am giving you whats yours.) Sample Sentences Los ricos no piden permiso. (The rich dont ask for permission. The sentence is the name of a former Argentine television show.) Uno de los cnceres ms comunes en los hombres es el cncer de prà ³stata. Los agresivos pueden requerir cirugà ­as. (One of the most common cancers in men is prostate cancer. The aggressive ones can require surgery.) Dos tercios de los analfabetos del mundo son mujeres. (Two-thirds of the worlds illiterate are women.) Los baratos cuestan 6 euros. (The cheap ones cost 6 euros.) No todas las bellas pueden ser modelos. (Not all beautiful women can be models. Depending on the context, this also could refer to girls. If bellos had been used, it could have referred to men only or to both men and women.) Los sacerdotes catà ³licos romanos no son los à ºnicos que pueden hacer exorcismos. (Roman Catholic priests arent the only ones who can do exorcisms.) Los fritos fueron el artà ­culo comprado con mayor frecuencia. (The fried ones were the article most often purchased.) Los enfermos andaban por las calles. (The sick people walked through the streets.)

Industry briefing paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Industry briefing paper - Essay Example This section of the essay will look at the factors that affect the soft drink industry and how Fresh Fruit Soda, the product under review, can be presented onto the market as a low sugar and natural fruit alternative to other soft drinks on the market. The soft drink industry has been viewed as one with major health issues and matters. This is because most of the drinks are said to contain sugar that is bad for the health and bad for the teeth of people who consume them. There is an acidic nature of soft drinks and this leads to the erosion of the enamels of the teeth (Hooper et al, 2007). Thus, consumption of soft drinks without brushing of ones teeth afterwards has major health implications and it leads to the discolouration of the teeth and supports other health problems and issues (Hooper et al, 2007). Therefore soft drinks have major dental consequences and there is the need for some kind of controls to ensure that consumers are protected from negativities and other tooth decay problems that comes with such products. Aspartame is used as a substitute to sugar in most â€Å"natural† soft drinks. However, this has proven to be problematic because although aspartame is seen as a healthier substitute for sugar, research has proven otherwise. Laming identifies that aspartame is viewed as a positive substitution for sugar, but they also have their health implications (2006). Due to that, soft drinks with aspartame must disclose the implications of using those products in drink and not tell consumers that they are much better and harmless. In fact such products have their own issues hence consumers must be given the appropriate education rather than the states use of strict rules and regulations. Therefore it can be said that the soft drink industry, although it is a lucrative venture, is hampered by major health and safety concerns about consumers. Aside that, these products are popular amongst consumers and

Why Women love to wear High heels Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Why Women love to wear High heels - Essay Example The study shows that for the actual basis of interview, women ranging from the ages 16 and above shall be interviewed and asked several questions. They are to be randomly chosen by the researcher giving a chance for random answers to come forth. Meanwhile, the survey analysis shall be sent to at least 15 women of random ages and random races so as to have a better view as to how they perceive wearing high heels based on their age and their cultural origin. Basically, this process shall be embraced by the researcher to set apart women who are fond of wearing high heels from those who are less interested in them. From there, the researcher shall try to identify the separating identities of the sample population asked to participate in the research and which of these characteristics are common among those who love to wear the heels. This section of the study further aims to simply the most effective ways of understanding the ways by which women perceive the need and the want to wear high heeled shoes. With the use of a five-point summary and an implicative presentation on the summation of the collected data within the study, the conclusion of the research shall be presented herein. Closing the research with a remarkable recommendation on what women should do to balance their views on fashion, personality and health shall further make this study more than just an explanatory source of identification on how and why women are practically attached to using high heels from then until now and perhaps even in the future.

Effective Leadership In the NHS

Effective Leadership In the NHS The rapid technological developments particularly in the sectors of information technology and communication and the phenomenon of globalization create a new society more competitive and they impose continuous technological and qualitative upgrade of services that is offered in the consumers. This changes affect in the growth and in the metamorphosis of economy and society. Independent from their objective that is the maximization of profit most organisms either it is commercial enterprises or for not speculative organizations as universities and hospitals try for the best possible so that they acquire sufficient share of market. However, the most sensitive sector is the sector of health because it concerns with human lives. The context and challenges for health and healthcare across the Europe are changing rapidly and in many cases are converging. In this paper ..will try to introduce and analyze the topic of leadership in NHS. Firstly, given the general definition of leadership, because leadership has a lot of different ways to be fixed. Leaders today must be deeply knowledgeable about the past, widely informed about the present, and willing to substitute the common good for their own.(David Pierpont Gardner , On leadership) Before we get started, lets try to define leadership. The leadership is difficult to be fixed precisely. Have become a lot of efforts of determination leadership in organizations of Britain but there are many different opinions about it and its determination are problematic. There are many definitions as to what leadership is: it is something that is easily recognized, but not easily defined. So Hersey and Blanchard defined leadership as the process of influencing the activities of an individual or a group in efforts toward goal achievement in a given situation, (Transformational Leadership in Health Care by Joan Trofino). Also, leadership is the relationship between the leader and the led that induces followers to act for certain goals that represent the wants and needs of both parties. (Burns 1970s). One thing is clear; leadership is a process where a leader influences the direction of a unit in achieving its objective in a given situation. The leadership from its nature includes t he element of control and the force to influenced the behavior of persons, it can be formal or informal and be concerned a big or small team of persons respectively. In any group of children or adults, there are those who step forward to organize people and events to achieve a specific result. For the leaders of health care, leadership can be defined as a dynamic process of seeking a vision for change in which the leader is supported by two main groups: fans within its own organization, and influential agents external organizations that work to the outside of leader environment. However, a good approach of leadership can become if we return in the typology of Weber that determines three types of leaders: the reasonable lawyer, the charismatic, and the traditional. Also, Robert Blake and Jane Mouton managerial grid. Other styles of leadership which indentified in the literature are the democratic, autocratic, bureaucratic, laissez faire, and employee controlled. Likert (1974). After research that became in enough organizations of Great Britain for the leadership existed a lot of and different opinions(Alimo Metalifare). The three types of leaders according to the typology of Weber present itself in most of organizations in Great Britain but are not attributed equally well in the organization of all, for this reason has begun to take shape a new model of leadership the transformational model. The key word so that it copes a modern economic unit and concretely a modern organism of health is the leadership. There are many elements to a campaign. Leadership is number one. Everything else is number two. (Anthony T. Dadovano -Bernd Brecher.   Bernd Brecher on Leadership). The successes and the failures of each constituted social structure (associations, enterprises, states) are attributed at a very significant percentage in their leadership. This fact makes the leadership one of the most important parameters that determine the good operation and the development of each social organization small or big. Successful organizations are those which have leaders smart, creative to think quickly, have training in administration, fluent in speaking, persuasive, knowledgeable about group task and have a vision to work and communicate effectively. Effective leadership is essential if a health services organization is to provide high-quality care and succeed financially. Effective leadership is a key ingredient in modernizing todays health services. Better leadership means better patient care and improved working practices for NHS staff. (NHS Modernization Agency, 2004a). Leadership ensures that the organization works successfully and accomplishes the desired goals. The functionals in the sector of health seek from a side the benefit of medical care and from other side trying for restraint the cost. In the NHS there is lack of leadership skills and developing methods but it has been recognized and their development is a high priority. Leaders are the key to the delivery of quality care in an organization. Burns (1987) was the first who reported in two innovative type of leadership, which can be corresponded successfully in the requirements of NHS. This type of leadership is the Transactional Leadership and the Transformational Leadership. The Transactional Leadership is based on exchange theory that includes performance bonus and compensation with exchange the successful execution of the work which assigned to the group. Here there is two standards of action: the contingent reward and the management by exception.(Kurz 1998). According to Bass (1985) the four main characteristics of transactional leadership are: charisma, inspiration, spiritual momentum, individualized approach. This type of leadership tends to maintain the current operational status of the organization. The leader seeks to maintain the overall structure of the system through the control and partial upgrading of structures and processes. For example, in a university hospital whatever changes could be done in personnel and equipment, it would be remained university oriented in research and education. The transformational leadership according to Burns (1978) happen when one or more people involved and cooperate with their manner in order to the leaders and colleagues to push each other to ever higher levels of motivation and incentive for greater efficiency. The main difference from the transactional leadership is that the leader here seeks to change the entire organizational culture and structures of organism. According to Bass (1984) the transformational leadership has three characteristics: The transformational leadership might be lead to most successful and sustainable solutions if it combined with the already existing process of transactional leadership. The Vision of transformational leader to have success in the future is to secure the consent of all the factors of organism, and makes the environment more receptive to the introduction of innovative methods and modes of action. Leadership and management are two meanings obviously like, but not identical. Many people confuse management with leadership. Leadership is much more than management. It is more an art than an ability, which making others want something that you are convinced should be done. Leadership is closely tied with the terms of strength, power and influence. Leaders must have supporters to be successful. Leaders are they who go to the front, they brought profound changes and innovations, in addition to managers who are they try to improve the efficiency of operation in a fixed place with a controlled way. Although leadership and management are both important, Bennis and Nanus identified a profound difference between the two: Managers are people who do things right and leaders are people who do the right things.( Transformational Leadership in Health Care by Joan Trofino). The environment of health care is so complex and powerful and contains a variety of disciplines to help them function properly. As long as more highly a leader want to reach an organization of health, so much more needs the leading faculty and influence. The influence that it can have the leadership is very important for the achievement of objectives. The leadership should prompt the persons to follow its even from curiosity. This effort was not small time duration, but long-lasting and laborious, otherwise would be failed. This proves that leadership developed day with the day and no in one day. The healthcare sector needs leaders who can communicate verbal with others, setting goals, have adaptability to changes, take risks. The leaders in the NHS must make the right choice of people who constitute their team, inspire and empower them to achieve their best. The right leadership should be draw rightly the processes that are required to be followed as well as the time and the way of pursuing them, so that is achieved the objective. Its application in NHS it would be predetermines course of action, places the objectives, adapts the priorities, informs the basic collaborators, leaves time margin for the acceptance, impetuously advances in the action, waits for that it will have problems, re-examines daily the drawing. The leadership should see the future developing the experience of past and taking ideas from executives and from the remainder personnel, which is required for the achievement of objectives. If the leadership has powerful character, the persons entrust it and they entrust its faculty to unfold their dynamism. This not only gives in the personnel of health sector hope for the future but also promotes their faith in and in their organism. Each time in the NHS where the leadership is found front on a problem, the leaders should park it immediately and try to solve using the perspicacity. Of course, the perspicacity combine itself with good knowledge of object, and with who tactic to apply or who objective to place, so that it prompts the workers in the organism to function in the right direction of his achievement with enthusiasm and effectiveness. Furthermore, important role in the guidance of leadership for the realization of objectives play the faculty of choice of resources and their way of exploitation. The leadership should see each situation with criterion the available resources e.g. money, raw material, technology and, more important, the available human resources. Never it should not it forgets that the more precious resource they are the persons. The effective leadership has always aimed at the successful outcome of any effort. Three ingredients are required to have the leadership to reach success in NHS: a) vision to inspire all employees, b) ability to develop various skills, such as executives who each have different talents and c) dedication to the success of this objective and pass it around the body. Which effort would do and what time will do is very important for a successful outcome. The choice of timing for taking the appropriate action is very important because the wrong action at wrong time is sure to lead to negative results, the right move at the wrong time will bring resistance to the wrong move at the right time is wrong and only right move at the right time leads to success. Effective leaders give positive reinforcement and they should be admit when they are wrong. It makes people feel comfortable asking them for help and advice. The leadership eventually to be able to achieve its objectives, must maximize every resource available to the benefit of the organization. Especially, in the NHS should be combined in an optimal way all the available resources where there are, especially human resources (doctors, nurses, administrators, technicians). Because the sector of health is more complex and the NHS aim is to promote the establishment of a comprehensive health services designed to secure improvement in the physical and mental health of the people of England and Wales and the prevention diagnosis and treatment of illness (The New Politics of the NHS, Rudolf Klein 2006), this will require leaders and managers to develop new skills and innovate practices. Leaders must have the right tools to make decisions and to provide the best solution for their organism. Finally, leaders in the NHS have to be both accountable and transparent in their decision-making for sure, but they also need to be open to the other peoples point of view, to be visionary and capable of communicating that vision and motivating others to achieve their best for the benefit of patient care. Also require the ability to empower other healthcare personnel. The competence and creativity of managers and leaders at all levels in health care will be fundamental to the effective implementation of the health strategy. Being a healthcare leader today means being faced with daunting challenges, including complex organizational structures, unfamiliar operational and strategic issues, rapid change, and lack of time. Overcoming these obstacles requires new leadership competencies and a renewed attention to traditional competencies. These competencies are rooted in leadership values that give you focus in turbulent times, that help you deal with stress and that help you align others during organizational change. Apart from the effective leadership that is the most important elements that are required in the NHS, it also required planning and organization. In order to exists effective leadership will be supposed exist right organization and planning, because the organization is the process that in each worker is given some concrete work and the planning fixes what should become for this. The combination of this three elements with a creative and charismatic leader can compose in the NHS the essential elements for its success. Demands for healthcare are unpredictable, especially in the 4 NHSs in the United Kingdom because they exist in different geographically distant locations, with different culture and different needs of people. CONCLUSION This paper has explored the leadership in the healthcare field and has the aim of providing an easy way for effective leadership in it, and related research flowing from the  key findings of the independent inquiry in Carmarthenshire, with the aim of providing a  practical way forward for healthcare leaders pursuing system change. Strengthening  organisational leadership and capacity for inter-organisational collaboration requires a  combination of long-term investments in building relationships and trust, and in  developing a culture in which senior leaders are role models of cooperation. Although it  has not been possible to cover all issues in depth, hopefully the paper provides practical  ideas for healthcare leaders in developing their leadership style, executive teams, interpersonal  relationships, and inter-organisational relationships and collaboration.  Thus, for example, some researchers have focused on studying who leaders  are and on what leaders do, s pecifically, through the identification of those  personal attributes which differentiate those individuals who are perceived as  leaders, or who act in the role of leader. Conversely, others have focused  more on what leaders do, and how they do it. Thus, more recent research  has focused attention on the relationship between leaders and followers,  which has come to be seen as the study of leadership behaviour, rather than  just leader behaviour. In parallel, some writers have stressed the need to  study followership, not only because all leaders are also followers, but also  because modern notions of leadership place considerable emphasis on the  power and importance of followers in ultimately enabling leadership to have  greatest effect (e.g., Hollander, 1978; Lee, 1993). connectedness with stakeholders, internal and external to the organisation, the development of leadership in others by empowerment and encouraging the questioning of approaches to ones job and the way in which service is delivered Medical practices and hospitals spend great sums of money building and renovating facilities and purchasing new equipment, but relatively little time or effort developing a better ubderstanding of the people who work in them. Healthcare leaders need to undersyand the nature of healthcare organizations and the work they do (to improve organizational performance we need to understand human performance People with a high level of need for achievement tend to prefer situations in which we can take personal responsibility for solving problems. we have little understanding of how and why some persons are more effective leaders than others. The truth is that anyone can be an effective leader. They just need to find the right balance between social, moral and business aspects of leadership.   An effective leader is generally someone that leads by example and other people just tend to follow because they believe what they do is the right thing. Think of anyone you have looked up to in the past, were they an honest individual that put others before themselves? That is a quality of effective leadership. Being honest gives a person credibility and result in other people trusting and believing in that person. Effective leaders lead by example and merely invite others to come along with them. Keeping promises is another sign of effective leadership. They believe in others and never fail to reward or compliment someone when they see they are doing well.. Effective leaders admit when they are wrong and admit when they make mistakes. Everyone is human and makes a mistake at one time or another. Its how a person handles a mistake that gives them a certain leadership quality Good listening skills are a big part of effective leadership. A person who is willing to listen to problems or concerns an employee or a friend may have will give them more information. Therefore, the effective leader can make a well-informed and thought out decision.  . Effective leadership is about asking or requesting a person to do something, not commanding them. Effect leaders make recommendations to follow.   Effective leaders are willing to get their hands dirty. They realize that they are more than just a figure head or a boss. Most of the quality workshops will focus on certain aspects of leadership training. Strong language skills and effective words to express effective leadership are inherent to the programs and they are great ways to deal with staff communication. In conclusion leadership has a high correlation with all elements of the organizational learning system and it is a means to leverage knowledge through organizational learning.

Instant Noodles market

Maggi losing instant noodles market share in India to new entrants * NEW DELHI: Maggi instant noodles, foods major Nestle's flagship brand that has dominated the Indian instant noodles market for nearly three decades, is losing market share on a monthly basis to newer entrants such as GlaxoSmithKline's (GSK) Horlicks Foodles, Hindustan Unilever's (HUL) Knorr Soupy noodles, Big Bazaar's Tasty Treat, Top Ramen and several other smaller players, according to data by market research firm Nielsen.The data shows that Maggi's share of instant noodles, on an all-India basis, across urban markets, has slipped consistently between December '09 to July '10. While Maggi instant noodles (minus vermicelli) had a 90. 7% share in December '09, the share dropped to 86. 5% in July '10 on an all-India basis. A regional split of the data shows that Maggi's instant noodles' value market share has fallen across the east, south, north and west zones for the same period.Analysts say with new competition, Ma ggi's market share is certain to get impacted , but add that Nestle has the potential to expand the Rs 1,300-crore instant noodles category – which itself is growing at a rapid 15% annually. A detailed email sent to Nestle on Thursday elicited no response. Apart from HUL and GSK which have positioned their noodles as ‘healthy' snacking options targeting kids and mothers, others like Indo-Nissin's Top Ramen, Capital Foods' Ching's Secret and CG Foods's Wai-Wai , though around for long, are stepping up marketing efforts to take advantage of category growth.Besides, private brands like Big Bazaar's Tasty Treat and Aditya Birla Retail's Feasters are notching up share. Manoj Menon, FMCG analyst at brokerage firm Kotak Securities, wrote in a report earlier this month: â€Å"Maggi faces product substitution risk and brands like Knorr and Foodles could potentially impact its incremental growth. Nestle faces a challenging competitive environment in culinary. † GSK, which entered the category in December last year, has taken away share from Maggi mainly in the South and East riding on the equity of Horlicks and its well-entrenched distribution in the regions.GSK's executive VP, marketing, Shubhajit Sen, said: â€Å"Consumers were looking for a choice in instant noodles; combined with that, the equity of Horlicks is leading to a lot of trails. The initial response to Foodles is much higher than our expectations. † On the other hand, HUL, which rolled out Knorr Soupy noodles in the South this February, had to postpone the brand's national launch due to capacity constraints because of heavy consumer offtake.An HUL spokesman said: â€Å"We are very pleased with the performance of Knorr Soupy noodles. † Private brands are whetting appetites of consumers too. According to Devendra Chawla, business head, private brands, Future group: â€Å"The category boundary is set to be re-drawn. From a snack food targeted at children, instant noodles cat egory has evolved as a mainstay meal even for grown ups. † Mr Chawla said Tasty Treat was the second biggest instant noodles brand in its Big Bazaar stores after Maggi.The brand packaging was revamped last year and Future plans to roll out additional variants in a month's time taking the number of variants to nine from the existing three. There are some who leads called leader and there are some who follows, called follower. Maggi has been a leader for decades and it is Maggi who educated Indian consumer about noodles. Of course, their market share might got depleted in course of time, by the entry of some very big players but Maggi will not sit silent. They will also reinforce their activities which will ultimately benefit the consumer.People will definitely taste for a change, but I view it is very difficult to change ones taste bud and the top of mind game, as Maggi has become a generic name in India for their long presence. Maggi is one of the largest and oldest instant fo od brand in india. Maggi will remain no one brand though increase in market of instant food category secondly people those who are grown up with this brand will remain loyal with its unique test. Tasty Treat started without any major noise and over time has become a large brand in Big bazaar.Need a case study how retailer could do such magic and create brand in such tough categories Category is going to see lot of actions it seems, retailers are also getting thier act right with thier Private Labels . seems a good battle in the offing. if loyalty is the only aspect, then why have so many new product variants (capsicum, sweet and sour, sambhar,etc) from maggie not hit the mark.. GSK and HUL are definitely offering better value proposition and competition as well.. remains to be seen how nestle reacts..Maggi Noodles Is Manufactured By Nestle Marketing Essay Background – Maggi Noodles â€Å"In the last 20 years we have Just asked 2 minutes of your time†. The Brand which c learly comes to mind on first recall is Maggi Noodles. Maggi Noodles is manufactured by Nestle under instant noodles portfolio. It was introduced with Maggi 2 Minute Noodles in India in 1982 when the only place to get noodles was Chinese restaurants. Maggi has undoubtedly has been the lifeline of many teenagers when in home or away from home. Maggi, as a brand, has seen many competitions in its Lifecycle.The brand has also diversified itself with launch of product ranges like soups, tomato sauce, seasoning, cup noodles, various flavours of maggi noodles like atta, rice, mized grains etc. Nestle remains its market leader position with 59. 84% of retail sales in India,2009 (Source: Euromonitor International). But its market share is constantly eroded by new entrants like GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Health with Foodles,Capital Foods with Smith;Jones Instant noodles, HUL launching its Soupy Noodles under Knorr Brand umbrella. Brand Identity – Kapferers Model Picture of SenderPhysiqu e – Yellow Coloured Pack, 2 minute Noodles, fast to cook good to eat, Maggi Logo, Healthy Snack between meals Relationship – Taste bhi Health Bhi, providing convenient food within 2 minutes with health and hygiene factor, caring and nurturing Reflection – Health Conscious individual who is Hard pressed for time, Young and Fun loving, living with family Personality – Enthusiastic, simple, uncomplicated, easily accessible, Fun loving, carefree, On the move, busy schedule Culture –Reliable, Innovative, Aspirant Lifestyle for rural areas, Sharing happiness, responsible Self-Image –Young, trendy, fun loving, Independent, Healthy inspite of Sedentary Urban Lifestyle Picture of Recipient Stages in PLC Maggi Noodles is currently in growth stage after passing through maturity stage for brief period in mid 1990s. Introductory and Initial Growth Stage Maggi Noodles brand was in introductory and growth stage in 1982 – 1990s. Maggi took advantage of its early movers advantage in closed economy scenario prevalent in India during 1980s. The brand faced less competition due to few similar products available in the market. Brand Maggi made best use of the time to increase its brand awareness by focussing on product advertisement.The communication which was initially mis-directed towards women was shifted rightly towards children ;16 years age group. Strong brand identity was created through iconic Yellow packaging. The pictorial representation of noodles with added vegetables helped strengthen the health factor. Umbrella brand Nestle provided the hygiene factor assurance. Maggi Noodles sponsored ‘Hum Log’, India’s first indigenous soap opera which began telecast on July 7, 1984. Maggi was launched with total advertisement slots of just 5 minutes during the breaks of serial which ran for over 156 episodes. This helped Maggi to establish as a popular breakfast and snack food across the country. This was also on e the first instances of introduction of Fast Food in India. Growth StageMaggi Noodles brand was in their growth stage in 1990s till late 2006 with brief period of declining sales due to faulty product innovation and formulae change from conventional maggi noodles in the form of launch of Dal Atta Maggi Noodles to noodles similar to TopRamen Noodles, noodles from stable of IndoNissinFoodLtd. Maggi was quick to revert back the original formulae to minimize damage. Product: New Product Variants like Atta Noodles, Mixed Grain Noodles and Rice Mania were introduced Source: http://www. maggi. in/maggi_multigrainz_noodles. aspx There was change in packaging for different variants of the noodles and launch of new variants Image Source: http://www. maggi. in/two_minutes_maggi_noodles. aspx Image Source: http://www. maggi. in/vegetables_atta_noodles. aspx Price Price was kept competitive with other launches in the market like Nissin’s Top Ramen PromotionMaggi was launched in different packages of 50 and 100 gms to increase the consumer base and attract the first time consumers Variants like Cuppa mania was launched to cater to mobile population, office goers Source: http://www. maggi. in/cuppamania. aspx Offering freebies like collectible foreign stamps, other freebies with maggi packs Maturity Stage Post 2009, there has been host of new entrants in the instant noodles market in India. ITC Launched its instant noodles under Sunfeast brand. GlaxoSmithKline consumer health and HUL also introduced instant noodles in 2010. The communication from Maggi has shifted from 2 minute noodles to Taste bhi Health bhi through introduction of variation in instant noodles.The competition has led to gradual fall in market share vis-a-vis other new entrants. New players are innovating in product packaging like launching noodles in circular shape so as to enable users to enjoy their noodles in full length. Market Scenario/Challenges Major challenge is to maintain the market leader ship of Brand Maggi in increasing market with varied new entrants having strong market presence in other product variants. To be increasingly viewed as the most preferred snack by new generation Strategy to increase Rural market share through launch of Maggi Rasile Chow targeting low income population Change of consumer taste from taste to health consciousMasala Flavour is the leading flavour in instant noodles in India All new players have also introduced masala flavour in their brand Chicken is the second favoured flavour followed by vegetable and tomato Horlicks Foodles claim to provide five essential vitamins in their noodles which forces the major market players to stress heavily on the health factor associated with their brands HUL Knorr Soupy Noodles claim to be healthy snack between meal for children Need for elaborate Market research for Maggi Brand on attributes like Brand Image, Prefered Price, Taste, packaging, Health, Availability, Ingredients, product variety etc. Step s taken at different stages Extensive media advertising to increase the consumer’s familiarity with new product launches Wider flavours/varients being offered to cater to wide range of consumers Increased product penetration through availability in supermarkets, hypermarkets and kirana stores Product line extensions and repositioned products launched to engage new and changing consumer demographics Market Research was conducted to understand theGeneral promotional strategies were implemented to increase brand visibility Events – Online Maggi recipe Challenge, innovative entries were compiled into e-cookbook Launch of ‘Me and Meri Maggi’ Campaign – enable consumers to share their experience with Maggi and creating a nostalgic effect by letting them share their moments with Maggi . Launching Maggi goodies like Computer Wallpapers and ScreenSavers to increase Brand recall , Website- http://www. maggi. in/ Preity Zinta was roped in for brand endorsement . Maggi was tried to position it as lively brand with zing Summary The Brand Maggi is strongly established as a Family Brand with crisp brand equity in Indian market. The brand has always been known to have the first movers advantage in the portfolios like noodles, ketchups, soups, sauce, etc.The parent brand Nestle has been the strong symbol of family, shelter and warmth which brand Maggi has innovatively capitalized. Evolution in communication Brand Maggi has changed its communication from convenience factors ie â€Å"Bas 2 Minute† to â€Å"Taste Bhi Health Bhi† to stress on health factors along with taste and convenience. There was a shift from TG from women to children as their consumers. To increase the Point of Purchase Sales, Maggi innovated in Shelf placing by placing Maggi in lower shelfs to increase the visibility by Kids who accompany their mothers to shopping. Maggi has launched Chota Maggi worth Rs 5/- to increase product trail.Maggi was positioned as â₠¬Å" snacks for between meals† to boost sales and attract new customers without changing their conservative food habits during meal time. Maggi also introduced contests for posting best recipes to be made with Maggi. The future of noodles sectors seem good with growth in retail sales of 19% in 2010 in value terms and forecasted to grow at12% CAGR over next few years. Being a sector with low entry barrier, the segment share is vulnerable to new entrants like in-house brands of BigBazaar retail chains of Future group, More of Birla Group, Star Bazaar from TataGroup etc. and host of foreign players entering the market lately.Major Noodles manufacturing firm’s market share: (Source: EuromonitorInternational Report) Figure : Market Forecast for Noodles market in India Recommendations for Brand Maggi Proliferation into untapped rural markets through strong distribution channel available in India Product line extension with variants for varied markets Innovation in Product, pac kaging and pricing of Maggi Noodles through investment in Market Research Launching health awareness campaigns, publish health information, sponsor health camps etc. to educate the customers about benefits of health foods To engage customers more through evolving mediums like social networking sites etc. This would enable the Maggi Brand Managers to listen to reviews from their customers and improvise any other suggestions if needed.