Effective Leadership In the NHS

Effective Leadership In the NHS The rapid technological developments particularly in the sectors of information technology and communication and the phenomenon of globalization create a new society more competitive and they impose continuous technological and qualitative upgrade of services that is offered in the consumers. This changes affect in the growth and in the metamorphosis of economy and society. Independent from their objective that is the maximization of profit most organisms either it is commercial enterprises or for not speculative organizations as universities and hospitals try for the best possible so that they acquire sufficient share of market. However, the most sensitive sector is the sector of health because it concerns with human lives. The context and challenges for health and healthcare across the Europe are changing rapidly and in many cases are converging. In this paper ..will try to introduce and analyze the topic of leadership in NHS. Firstly, given the general definition of leadership, because leadership has a lot of different ways to be fixed. Leaders today must be deeply knowledgeable about the past, widely informed about the present, and willing to substitute the common good for their own.(David Pierpont Gardner , On leadership) Before we get started, lets try to define leadership. The leadership is difficult to be fixed precisely. Have become a lot of efforts of determination leadership in organizations of Britain but there are many different opinions about it and its determination are problematic. There are many definitions as to what leadership is: it is something that is easily recognized, but not easily defined. So Hersey and Blanchard defined leadership as the process of influencing the activities of an individual or a group in efforts toward goal achievement in a given situation, (Transformational Leadership in Health Care by Joan Trofino). Also, leadership is the relationship between the leader and the led that induces followers to act for certain goals that represent the wants and needs of both parties. (Burns 1970s). One thing is clear; leadership is a process where a leader influences the direction of a unit in achieving its objective in a given situation. The leadership from its nature includes t he element of control and the force to influenced the behavior of persons, it can be formal or informal and be concerned a big or small team of persons respectively. In any group of children or adults, there are those who step forward to organize people and events to achieve a specific result. For the leaders of health care, leadership can be defined as a dynamic process of seeking a vision for change in which the leader is supported by two main groups: fans within its own organization, and influential agents external organizations that work to the outside of leader environment. However, a good approach of leadership can become if we return in the typology of Weber that determines three types of leaders: the reasonable lawyer, the charismatic, and the traditional. Also, Robert Blake and Jane Mouton managerial grid. Other styles of leadership which indentified in the literature are the democratic, autocratic, bureaucratic, laissez faire, and employee controlled. Likert (1974). After research that became in enough organizations of Great Britain for the leadership existed a lot of and different opinions(Alimo Metalifare). The three types of leaders according to the typology of Weber present itself in most of organizations in Great Britain but are not attributed equally well in the organization of all, for this reason has begun to take shape a new model of leadership the transformational model. The key word so that it copes a modern economic unit and concretely a modern organism of health is the leadership. There are many elements to a campaign. Leadership is number one. Everything else is number two. (Anthony T. Dadovano -Bernd Brecher.   Bernd Brecher on Leadership). The successes and the failures of each constituted social structure (associations, enterprises, states) are attributed at a very significant percentage in their leadership. This fact makes the leadership one of the most important parameters that determine the good operation and the development of each social organization small or big. Successful organizations are those which have leaders smart, creative to think quickly, have training in administration, fluent in speaking, persuasive, knowledgeable about group task and have a vision to work and communicate effectively. Effective leadership is essential if a health services organization is to provide high-quality care and succeed financially. Effective leadership is a key ingredient in modernizing todays health services. Better leadership means better patient care and improved working practices for NHS staff. (NHS Modernization Agency, 2004a). Leadership ensures that the organization works successfully and accomplishes the desired goals. The functionals in the sector of health seek from a side the benefit of medical care and from other side trying for restraint the cost. In the NHS there is lack of leadership skills and developing methods but it has been recognized and their development is a high priority. Leaders are the key to the delivery of quality care in an organization. Burns (1987) was the first who reported in two innovative type of leadership, which can be corresponded successfully in the requirements of NHS. This type of leadership is the Transactional Leadership and the Transformational Leadership. The Transactional Leadership is based on exchange theory that includes performance bonus and compensation with exchange the successful execution of the work which assigned to the group. Here there is two standards of action: the contingent reward and the management by exception.(Kurz 1998). According to Bass (1985) the four main characteristics of transactional leadership are: charisma, inspiration, spiritual momentum, individualized approach. This type of leadership tends to maintain the current operational status of the organization. The leader seeks to maintain the overall structure of the system through the control and partial upgrading of structures and processes. For example, in a university hospital whatever changes could be done in personnel and equipment, it would be remained university oriented in research and education. The transformational leadership according to Burns (1978) happen when one or more people involved and cooperate with their manner in order to the leaders and colleagues to push each other to ever higher levels of motivation and incentive for greater efficiency. The main difference from the transactional leadership is that the leader here seeks to change the entire organizational culture and structures of organism. According to Bass (1984) the transformational leadership has three characteristics: The transformational leadership might be lead to most successful and sustainable solutions if it combined with the already existing process of transactional leadership. The Vision of transformational leader to have success in the future is to secure the consent of all the factors of organism, and makes the environment more receptive to the introduction of innovative methods and modes of action. Leadership and management are two meanings obviously like, but not identical. Many people confuse management with leadership. Leadership is much more than management. It is more an art than an ability, which making others want something that you are convinced should be done. Leadership is closely tied with the terms of strength, power and influence. Leaders must have supporters to be successful. Leaders are they who go to the front, they brought profound changes and innovations, in addition to managers who are they try to improve the efficiency of operation in a fixed place with a controlled way. Although leadership and management are both important, Bennis and Nanus identified a profound difference between the two: Managers are people who do things right and leaders are people who do the right things.( Transformational Leadership in Health Care by Joan Trofino). The environment of health care is so complex and powerful and contains a variety of disciplines to help them function properly. As long as more highly a leader want to reach an organization of health, so much more needs the leading faculty and influence. The influence that it can have the leadership is very important for the achievement of objectives. The leadership should prompt the persons to follow its even from curiosity. This effort was not small time duration, but long-lasting and laborious, otherwise would be failed. This proves that leadership developed day with the day and no in one day. The healthcare sector needs leaders who can communicate verbal with others, setting goals, have adaptability to changes, take risks. The leaders in the NHS must make the right choice of people who constitute their team, inspire and empower them to achieve their best. The right leadership should be draw rightly the processes that are required to be followed as well as the time and the way of pursuing them, so that is achieved the objective. Its application in NHS it would be predetermines course of action, places the objectives, adapts the priorities, informs the basic collaborators, leaves time margin for the acceptance, impetuously advances in the action, waits for that it will have problems, re-examines daily the drawing. The leadership should see the future developing the experience of past and taking ideas from executives and from the remainder personnel, which is required for the achievement of objectives. If the leadership has powerful character, the persons entrust it and they entrust its faculty to unfold their dynamism. This not only gives in the personnel of health sector hope for the future but also promotes their faith in and in their organism. Each time in the NHS where the leadership is found front on a problem, the leaders should park it immediately and try to solve using the perspicacity. Of course, the perspicacity combine itself with good knowledge of object, and with who tactic to apply or who objective to place, so that it prompts the workers in the organism to function in the right direction of his achievement with enthusiasm and effectiveness. Furthermore, important role in the guidance of leadership for the realization of objectives play the faculty of choice of resources and their way of exploitation. The leadership should see each situation with criterion the available resources e.g. money, raw material, technology and, more important, the available human resources. Never it should not it forgets that the more precious resource they are the persons. The effective leadership has always aimed at the successful outcome of any effort. Three ingredients are required to have the leadership to reach success in NHS: a) vision to inspire all employees, b) ability to develop various skills, such as executives who each have different talents and c) dedication to the success of this objective and pass it around the body. Which effort would do and what time will do is very important for a successful outcome. The choice of timing for taking the appropriate action is very important because the wrong action at wrong time is sure to lead to negative results, the right move at the wrong time will bring resistance to the wrong move at the right time is wrong and only right move at the right time leads to success. Effective leaders give positive reinforcement and they should be admit when they are wrong. It makes people feel comfortable asking them for help and advice. The leadership eventually to be able to achieve its objectives, must maximize every resource available to the benefit of the organization. Especially, in the NHS should be combined in an optimal way all the available resources where there are, especially human resources (doctors, nurses, administrators, technicians). Because the sector of health is more complex and the NHS aim is to promote the establishment of a comprehensive health services designed to secure improvement in the physical and mental health of the people of England and Wales and the prevention diagnosis and treatment of illness (The New Politics of the NHS, Rudolf Klein 2006), this will require leaders and managers to develop new skills and innovate practices. Leaders must have the right tools to make decisions and to provide the best solution for their organism. Finally, leaders in the NHS have to be both accountable and transparent in their decision-making for sure, but they also need to be open to the other peoples point of view, to be visionary and capable of communicating that vision and motivating others to achieve their best for the benefit of patient care. Also require the ability to empower other healthcare personnel. The competence and creativity of managers and leaders at all levels in health care will be fundamental to the effective implementation of the health strategy. Being a healthcare leader today means being faced with daunting challenges, including complex organizational structures, unfamiliar operational and strategic issues, rapid change, and lack of time. Overcoming these obstacles requires new leadership competencies and a renewed attention to traditional competencies. These competencies are rooted in leadership values that give you focus in turbulent times, that help you deal with stress and that help you align others during organizational change. Apart from the effective leadership that is the most important elements that are required in the NHS, it also required planning and organization. In order to exists effective leadership will be supposed exist right organization and planning, because the organization is the process that in each worker is given some concrete work and the planning fixes what should become for this. The combination of this three elements with a creative and charismatic leader can compose in the NHS the essential elements for its success. Demands for healthcare are unpredictable, especially in the 4 NHSs in the United Kingdom because they exist in different geographically distant locations, with different culture and different needs of people. CONCLUSION This paper has explored the leadership in the healthcare field and has the aim of providing an easy way for effective leadership in it, and related research flowing from the  key findings of the independent inquiry in Carmarthenshire, with the aim of providing a  practical way forward for healthcare leaders pursuing system change. Strengthening  organisational leadership and capacity for inter-organisational collaboration requires a  combination of long-term investments in building relationships and trust, and in  developing a culture in which senior leaders are role models of cooperation. Although it  has not been possible to cover all issues in depth, hopefully the paper provides practical  ideas for healthcare leaders in developing their leadership style, executive teams, interpersonal  relationships, and inter-organisational relationships and collaboration.  Thus, for example, some researchers have focused on studying who leaders  are and on what leaders do, s pecifically, through the identification of those  personal attributes which differentiate those individuals who are perceived as  leaders, or who act in the role of leader. Conversely, others have focused  more on what leaders do, and how they do it. Thus, more recent research  has focused attention on the relationship between leaders and followers,  which has come to be seen as the study of leadership behaviour, rather than  just leader behaviour. In parallel, some writers have stressed the need to  study followership, not only because all leaders are also followers, but also  because modern notions of leadership place considerable emphasis on the  power and importance of followers in ultimately enabling leadership to have  greatest effect (e.g., Hollander, 1978; Lee, 1993). connectedness with stakeholders, internal and external to the organisation, the development of leadership in others by empowerment and encouraging the questioning of approaches to ones job and the way in which service is delivered Medical practices and hospitals spend great sums of money building and renovating facilities and purchasing new equipment, but relatively little time or effort developing a better ubderstanding of the people who work in them. Healthcare leaders need to undersyand the nature of healthcare organizations and the work they do (to improve organizational performance we need to understand human performance People with a high level of need for achievement tend to prefer situations in which we can take personal responsibility for solving problems. we have little understanding of how and why some persons are more effective leaders than others. The truth is that anyone can be an effective leader. They just need to find the right balance between social, moral and business aspects of leadership.   An effective leader is generally someone that leads by example and other people just tend to follow because they believe what they do is the right thing. Think of anyone you have looked up to in the past, were they an honest individual that put others before themselves? That is a quality of effective leadership. Being honest gives a person credibility and result in other people trusting and believing in that person. Effective leaders lead by example and merely invite others to come along with them. Keeping promises is another sign of effective leadership. They believe in others and never fail to reward or compliment someone when they see they are doing well.. Effective leaders admit when they are wrong and admit when they make mistakes. Everyone is human and makes a mistake at one time or another. Its how a person handles a mistake that gives them a certain leadership quality Good listening skills are a big part of effective leadership. A person who is willing to listen to problems or concerns an employee or a friend may have will give them more information. Therefore, the effective leader can make a well-informed and thought out decision.  . Effective leadership is about asking or requesting a person to do something, not commanding them. Effect leaders make recommendations to follow.   Effective leaders are willing to get their hands dirty. They realize that they are more than just a figure head or a boss. Most of the quality workshops will focus on certain aspects of leadership training. Strong language skills and effective words to express effective leadership are inherent to the programs and they are great ways to deal with staff communication. In conclusion leadership has a high correlation with all elements of the organizational learning system and it is a means to leverage knowledge through organizational learning.

Instant Noodles market

Maggi losing instant noodles market share in India to new entrants * NEW DELHI: Maggi instant noodles, foods major Nestle's flagship brand that has dominated the Indian instant noodles market for nearly three decades, is losing market share on a monthly basis to newer entrants such as GlaxoSmithKline's (GSK) Horlicks Foodles, Hindustan Unilever's (HUL) Knorr Soupy noodles, Big Bazaar's Tasty Treat, Top Ramen and several other smaller players, according to data by market research firm Nielsen.The data shows that Maggi's share of instant noodles, on an all-India basis, across urban markets, has slipped consistently between December '09 to July '10. While Maggi instant noodles (minus vermicelli) had a 90. 7% share in December '09, the share dropped to 86. 5% in July '10 on an all-India basis. A regional split of the data shows that Maggi's instant noodles' value market share has fallen across the east, south, north and west zones for the same period.Analysts say with new competition, Ma ggi's market share is certain to get impacted , but add that Nestle has the potential to expand the Rs 1,300-crore instant noodles category – which itself is growing at a rapid 15% annually. A detailed email sent to Nestle on Thursday elicited no response. Apart from HUL and GSK which have positioned their noodles as ‘healthy' snacking options targeting kids and mothers, others like Indo-Nissin's Top Ramen, Capital Foods' Ching's Secret and CG Foods's Wai-Wai , though around for long, are stepping up marketing efforts to take advantage of category growth.Besides, private brands like Big Bazaar's Tasty Treat and Aditya Birla Retail's Feasters are notching up share. Manoj Menon, FMCG analyst at brokerage firm Kotak Securities, wrote in a report earlier this month: â€Å"Maggi faces product substitution risk and brands like Knorr and Foodles could potentially impact its incremental growth. Nestle faces a challenging competitive environment in culinary. † GSK, which entered the category in December last year, has taken away share from Maggi mainly in the South and East riding on the equity of Horlicks and its well-entrenched distribution in the regions.GSK's executive VP, marketing, Shubhajit Sen, said: â€Å"Consumers were looking for a choice in instant noodles; combined with that, the equity of Horlicks is leading to a lot of trails. The initial response to Foodles is much higher than our expectations. † On the other hand, HUL, which rolled out Knorr Soupy noodles in the South this February, had to postpone the brand's national launch due to capacity constraints because of heavy consumer offtake.An HUL spokesman said: â€Å"We are very pleased with the performance of Knorr Soupy noodles. † Private brands are whetting appetites of consumers too. According to Devendra Chawla, business head, private brands, Future group: â€Å"The category boundary is set to be re-drawn. From a snack food targeted at children, instant noodles cat egory has evolved as a mainstay meal even for grown ups. † Mr Chawla said Tasty Treat was the second biggest instant noodles brand in its Big Bazaar stores after Maggi.The brand packaging was revamped last year and Future plans to roll out additional variants in a month's time taking the number of variants to nine from the existing three. There are some who leads called leader and there are some who follows, called follower. Maggi has been a leader for decades and it is Maggi who educated Indian consumer about noodles. Of course, their market share might got depleted in course of time, by the entry of some very big players but Maggi will not sit silent. They will also reinforce their activities which will ultimately benefit the consumer.People will definitely taste for a change, but I view it is very difficult to change ones taste bud and the top of mind game, as Maggi has become a generic name in India for their long presence. Maggi is one of the largest and oldest instant fo od brand in india. Maggi will remain no one brand though increase in market of instant food category secondly people those who are grown up with this brand will remain loyal with its unique test. Tasty Treat started without any major noise and over time has become a large brand in Big bazaar.Need a case study how retailer could do such magic and create brand in such tough categories Category is going to see lot of actions it seems, retailers are also getting thier act right with thier Private Labels . seems a good battle in the offing. if loyalty is the only aspect, then why have so many new product variants (capsicum, sweet and sour, sambhar,etc) from maggie not hit the mark.. GSK and HUL are definitely offering better value proposition and competition as well.. remains to be seen how nestle reacts..Maggi Noodles Is Manufactured By Nestle Marketing Essay Background – Maggi Noodles â€Å"In the last 20 years we have Just asked 2 minutes of your time†. The Brand which c learly comes to mind on first recall is Maggi Noodles. Maggi Noodles is manufactured by Nestle under instant noodles portfolio. It was introduced with Maggi 2 Minute Noodles in India in 1982 when the only place to get noodles was Chinese restaurants. Maggi has undoubtedly has been the lifeline of many teenagers when in home or away from home. Maggi, as a brand, has seen many competitions in its Lifecycle.The brand has also diversified itself with launch of product ranges like soups, tomato sauce, seasoning, cup noodles, various flavours of maggi noodles like atta, rice, mized grains etc. Nestle remains its market leader position with 59. 84% of retail sales in India,2009 (Source: Euromonitor International). But its market share is constantly eroded by new entrants like GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Health with Foodles,Capital Foods with Smith;Jones Instant noodles, HUL launching its Soupy Noodles under Knorr Brand umbrella. Brand Identity – Kapferers Model Picture of SenderPhysiqu e – Yellow Coloured Pack, 2 minute Noodles, fast to cook good to eat, Maggi Logo, Healthy Snack between meals Relationship – Taste bhi Health Bhi, providing convenient food within 2 minutes with health and hygiene factor, caring and nurturing Reflection – Health Conscious individual who is Hard pressed for time, Young and Fun loving, living with family Personality – Enthusiastic, simple, uncomplicated, easily accessible, Fun loving, carefree, On the move, busy schedule Culture –Reliable, Innovative, Aspirant Lifestyle for rural areas, Sharing happiness, responsible Self-Image –Young, trendy, fun loving, Independent, Healthy inspite of Sedentary Urban Lifestyle Picture of Recipient Stages in PLC Maggi Noodles is currently in growth stage after passing through maturity stage for brief period in mid 1990s. Introductory and Initial Growth Stage Maggi Noodles brand was in introductory and growth stage in 1982 – 1990s. Maggi took advantage of its early movers advantage in closed economy scenario prevalent in India during 1980s. The brand faced less competition due to few similar products available in the market. Brand Maggi made best use of the time to increase its brand awareness by focussing on product advertisement.The communication which was initially mis-directed towards women was shifted rightly towards children ;16 years age group. Strong brand identity was created through iconic Yellow packaging. The pictorial representation of noodles with added vegetables helped strengthen the health factor. Umbrella brand Nestle provided the hygiene factor assurance. Maggi Noodles sponsored ‘Hum Log’, India’s first indigenous soap opera which began telecast on July 7, 1984. Maggi was launched with total advertisement slots of just 5 minutes during the breaks of serial which ran for over 156 episodes. This helped Maggi to establish as a popular breakfast and snack food across the country. This was also on e the first instances of introduction of Fast Food in India. Growth StageMaggi Noodles brand was in their growth stage in 1990s till late 2006 with brief period of declining sales due to faulty product innovation and formulae change from conventional maggi noodles in the form of launch of Dal Atta Maggi Noodles to noodles similar to TopRamen Noodles, noodles from stable of IndoNissinFoodLtd. Maggi was quick to revert back the original formulae to minimize damage. Product: New Product Variants like Atta Noodles, Mixed Grain Noodles and Rice Mania were introduced Source: http://www. maggi. in/maggi_multigrainz_noodles. aspx There was change in packaging for different variants of the noodles and launch of new variants Image Source: http://www. maggi. in/two_minutes_maggi_noodles. aspx Image Source: http://www. maggi. in/vegetables_atta_noodles. aspx Price Price was kept competitive with other launches in the market like Nissin’s Top Ramen PromotionMaggi was launched in different packages of 50 and 100 gms to increase the consumer base and attract the first time consumers Variants like Cuppa mania was launched to cater to mobile population, office goers Source: http://www. maggi. in/cuppamania. aspx Offering freebies like collectible foreign stamps, other freebies with maggi packs Maturity Stage Post 2009, there has been host of new entrants in the instant noodles market in India. ITC Launched its instant noodles under Sunfeast brand. GlaxoSmithKline consumer health and HUL also introduced instant noodles in 2010. The communication from Maggi has shifted from 2 minute noodles to Taste bhi Health bhi through introduction of variation in instant noodles.The competition has led to gradual fall in market share vis-a-vis other new entrants. New players are innovating in product packaging like launching noodles in circular shape so as to enable users to enjoy their noodles in full length. Market Scenario/Challenges Major challenge is to maintain the market leader ship of Brand Maggi in increasing market with varied new entrants having strong market presence in other product variants. To be increasingly viewed as the most preferred snack by new generation Strategy to increase Rural market share through launch of Maggi Rasile Chow targeting low income population Change of consumer taste from taste to health consciousMasala Flavour is the leading flavour in instant noodles in India All new players have also introduced masala flavour in their brand Chicken is the second favoured flavour followed by vegetable and tomato Horlicks Foodles claim to provide five essential vitamins in their noodles which forces the major market players to stress heavily on the health factor associated with their brands HUL Knorr Soupy Noodles claim to be healthy snack between meal for children Need for elaborate Market research for Maggi Brand on attributes like Brand Image, Prefered Price, Taste, packaging, Health, Availability, Ingredients, product variety etc. Step s taken at different stages Extensive media advertising to increase the consumer’s familiarity with new product launches Wider flavours/varients being offered to cater to wide range of consumers Increased product penetration through availability in supermarkets, hypermarkets and kirana stores Product line extensions and repositioned products launched to engage new and changing consumer demographics Market Research was conducted to understand theGeneral promotional strategies were implemented to increase brand visibility Events – Online Maggi recipe Challenge, innovative entries were compiled into e-cookbook Launch of ‘Me and Meri Maggi’ Campaign – enable consumers to share their experience with Maggi and creating a nostalgic effect by letting them share their moments with Maggi . Launching Maggi goodies like Computer Wallpapers and ScreenSavers to increase Brand recall , Website- http://www. maggi. in/ Preity Zinta was roped in for brand endorsement . Maggi was tried to position it as lively brand with zing Summary The Brand Maggi is strongly established as a Family Brand with crisp brand equity in Indian market. The brand has always been known to have the first movers advantage in the portfolios like noodles, ketchups, soups, sauce, etc.The parent brand Nestle has been the strong symbol of family, shelter and warmth which brand Maggi has innovatively capitalized. Evolution in communication Brand Maggi has changed its communication from convenience factors ie â€Å"Bas 2 Minute† to â€Å"Taste Bhi Health Bhi† to stress on health factors along with taste and convenience. There was a shift from TG from women to children as their consumers. To increase the Point of Purchase Sales, Maggi innovated in Shelf placing by placing Maggi in lower shelfs to increase the visibility by Kids who accompany their mothers to shopping. Maggi has launched Chota Maggi worth Rs 5/- to increase product trail.Maggi was positioned as â₠¬Å" snacks for between meals† to boost sales and attract new customers without changing their conservative food habits during meal time. Maggi also introduced contests for posting best recipes to be made with Maggi. The future of noodles sectors seem good with growth in retail sales of 19% in 2010 in value terms and forecasted to grow at12% CAGR over next few years. Being a sector with low entry barrier, the segment share is vulnerable to new entrants like in-house brands of BigBazaar retail chains of Future group, More of Birla Group, Star Bazaar from TataGroup etc. and host of foreign players entering the market lately.Major Noodles manufacturing firm’s market share: (Source: EuromonitorInternational Report) Figure : Market Forecast for Noodles market in India Recommendations for Brand Maggi Proliferation into untapped rural markets through strong distribution channel available in India Product line extension with variants for varied markets Innovation in Product, pac kaging and pricing of Maggi Noodles through investment in Market Research Launching health awareness campaigns, publish health information, sponsor health camps etc. to educate the customers about benefits of health foods To engage customers more through evolving mediums like social networking sites etc. This would enable the Maggi Brand Managers to listen to reviews from their customers and improvise any other suggestions if needed.

Incarceration in An Adult Prison Increases Juvenile Crime...

In the last 42 years little to no changes have been made to correct the standards that govern punitive measures towards juvenile delinquency. Today juvenile law is governed by state and many states have enacted a juvenile code. However, in numerous cases, juveniles are transferred to adult court when juvenile courts waive or relinquish jurisdiction. Adolescents should not be tried in the adult court system or sentenced to adult penitentiarys on account of: teen brains are not mature which causes a lack of understanding towards the system, incarceration in an adult facility increases juvenile crime, and children that are sentenced to adult prison are vulnerable to abuse and rape. American Psychological Association experts state that on†¦show more content†¦The evidence shows that this specified area of the brain is under developed in teenagers, and that their impulses are not always thought out. Teen brains are underdeveloped when it comes to the decision making process is i mportant information and should be taken into consideration when a juvenile is charged with any offense. In addition, with new found evidence of brain development being released doctors and psychologists seem to be in agreement that the findings should be taken seriously. For example, an article posted in the â€Å"Observer† in 2013 by Andrew Meriuzzi, Dr Helen Neville an internationally renowned psychologist and neuroscientist implies â€Å"Our biggest job will be to convince the public and policymakers to demand evidence and to evaluate evidence.† (Merluzzi 2013) Statements from credible sources may open the eyes to the public, that teenagers need to be evaluated thoroughly before being condemned to cells like rats. It is important to have the physiologists and scientists input so they the world can move forward with proper treatment of our youth. In relations, professionals and specialists are fully aware of a childs state of mind and are trying to alert the pub lic to approach youth thoughtfully. Another strong quote from Dr. Neville comes in her cries for action â€Å"For the sake of the economy and the sake of the children, let’s take this evidence-based approach to reducing inequality,†. (Merluzzi 2013)Helens plead sheds light that a teenager isShow MoreRelatedIncarceration Of Youth And Its Effects On Reducing Crime Essay1750 Words   |  7 PagesIncarceration of Youth The United States leads the world in the incarceration of young people, there are over 100,000 youth placed in jail each year. Locking up youth has shown very little positive impact on reducing crime. Incarcerating youth have posed greater problems such as expenses, limited education, lack of employment, and effect on juveniles’ mental and physical well-being. In today’s society there has been an increase in the crimes committed by juveniles. 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Although television shows such as Lock Up or Lock Down expose the harsh realities of the wars that are ongoing in prison, the war on education has taken a substantial effect on young men and women, and has landed several youths to be housedRead MoreThe Development Of A Juvenile Criminal Justice System1740 Words   |  7 PagesIn many countries, among them the United States of America, crime rates among the youth under the age of 18 years have significantly increased. This phenomenon is attributed to various factors, among them being family disintegration, school drop outs and other antisocial behaviors. Therefore, the development of a juvenile criminal justice system was crucial as it is tailored to distinguish the judicial process related to juvenile crimes. Various facilities such as specialized detention centers andRead MoreThe Effects Of Incarceration On The Correctional System Essay1629 Words   |  7 PagesPositive Alternatives to Incarceration It has been said â€Å"bad company corrupts good morals†. Parents sometimes use this phrase in hopes of keeping their children from hanging out with the wrong crowd. The prison system is no different. Locking up people in jail should be a consequence that most want to avoid thus decreasing the crime rate. In 1976, William Nagel found that incarceration did not stop criminals from committing crimes. In fact, if overcrowded prisons are increasing with more people being

Teaching Strategies For Children With Disabilities

I am a sophomore in college and growing up I have always had a lot of love for children with disabilities. My parents taught me that everyone is not the same, but God made everyone in his image. A school in Arizona has a program named Reteach and Enrich that helps children with disabilities. Mariko Nobori states that â€Å"The goal of the program is to give disorder students the opportunity to master essential skills and knowledge before they move on to the next level† (5 Strategies). It can be very hard to teach a child with needs, but the teachers need to take out time; have a common curriculum calendar, have an involved and informed leadership to help the children with needs, and be very consistent. Therefore, common strategies should be created to help children with different needs. First, if the teachers take some time out to assistance the children with a disability to learn better, the child will do better in school. â€Å"A change in teaching strategies can influen ce a child s with disorders the ability to participate and learn† (Thompson 7). Teachers believe that they can teach a subject in four days have one test and the children will understand it (Nobori 2). Nobori states with, â€Å"RE that, â€Å"Beginning the following Monday, students attend either a 30-minute reteach or enrich session every day. Reteach: Teachers reteach objectives using different lessons for students who need additional time for mastery. The teacher whose students performed best on the previous weekShow MoreRelatedThe Characters Dick, Jane, and Spot Essay1255 Words   |  6 PagesThe Characters Dick, Jane, and Spot Dick, Jane, and Spot are all characters that are used to teach Elementary School Children reading and spelling skills. Spelling is a difficult concept to master, especially when learning the spelling of American Standard English. George Bernard Shaw said that the word fish might as well be spelled ghoti--using gh as in rough, o is inRead MoreDeveloping Instructional Practices For Students With Specific Learning Disabilities Case Study1280 Words   |  6 PagesSpecific Learning Disabilities Student’s Name Institution Affiliation Developing Instructional Practices for Students with Specific Learning Disabilities Part One How to Support Students with Specific Learning Disabilities The research-based instructional practices for supporting students with reading, mathematics, and language disabilities in the science and social studies content areas throughout elementary school include concept maps, self-questioning strategy, SQ3R strategy, problem-solvingRead MoreEffective Reading Interventions For Kids With Learning Disabilities1404 Words   |  6 Pagesmany obstacles. One of the biggest hurdles that they must overcome is learning to read. For some children, that task does not come easy. Children with learning disabilities struggle the most in school because they do not learn as quickly as children without learning disabilities. In an article by Kristin Stanberry and Lee Swanson called Effective Reading Interventions for Kids with Learning Disabilities, it discusses the different interventions that teachers can use to improve the learning capabilitiesRead MoreChild s Best Advocate : Collect, Communicate, Collaborate By Mary T. Mcinerney, M.a956 Words   |   4 PagesHaving three totally different children has taught me a lot about educational processes for children with learning disabilities and education children who are twice-exceptional. The article â€Å"How to be Your Child’s Best Advocate: Collect, Communicate, Collaborate† by Mary T. McInerney, M.A. would have been a wonderful resource ten years ago. â€Å"Strategies and Interventions to Support Students with Mathematics Disabilities† published by the Council for Learning Disabilities has many suggestions that wouldRead MoreInclusive Education for Children with Disabilities Essay1628 Words   |  7 Pageseducation is a concern for people with disabilities. They were treated poorly and often desegregated from society. The response to the concerns of parents and educators over the exclusion of children with disabilities created the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. The public law â€Å"guaranteed a free, appropriate public education to each child wi th a disability in every state and locality across the country†. In the 1970s children with disabilities entered schools and over the years, theRead More Exceptional Students Essay1534 Words   |  7 PagesExceptional Students Every year there are changes made about a child’s education, in the attempt to provide the best education possible for children. In recent years, the education of students with disabilities, who were previously not educated in the regular school system, has been publicly debated. The idea of inclusion, or mainstreaming has received a great deal of support. Although there is the need to adapt programs and sometimes classroom environments for the child with special needsRead MoreThe Benefits Of Responsive Teaching And Co-Teaching In Education905 Words   |  4 Pagesteachers and over 2,900 students from grades three to five were involved in the development and implementation of building -level programs that designed efforts to support students with disabilities in mainstream classrooms. These studies were instrumental in the usage of co-teaching and collaborative strategies as integrative parts of educational support services. They were delivery models for students both wi th and without special needs and acted as the foundation for responsive classrooms projectRead MoreA Puzzling Paradox1462 Words   |  6 PagesSuggs April 26, 2015 This writer was given an assignment of researching three questions related to learning disability. The three questions are: 1. what is a learning disability? 2. How do individuals with learning disabilities process information? and 3. What challenges are related to how these individuals process information? This writer has learned a lot about learning disability and special education all throughout this course, during this research, and during observation time in the classroomRead MoreInstructional Strategies And Intrinsic Motivation Are Keys For Adjunct Faculty1274 Words   |  6 Pagesspecific self-regulation techniques can be available for teachers to consider when teaching students know how to control their behaviours. The teacher’s role will be to help students through the problem-solving process, to develop self-regulation plans, to reinforce students for implementing their plans and to work with students to evaluate the effectiveness of their plans. Second strategy: Instructional strategies and intrinsic motivation are keys for adjunct faculty. Recent studies revealed thatRead MoreChildren With Dyslexia And Strategies For Teaching Them Literacy879 Words   |  4 Pages Children with Dyslexia and Strategies for Teaching Them Literacy (Draft) Jennifer A. Eyink George Mason University â€Æ' Abstract This paper explores three peer-reviewed articles that involve treating children with reading disabilities. Two of these articles derive their data from empirical studies. One article is purely research based, and offers many simple strategies for treating a dyslexic child in the music classroom. All reading disabilities described in these articles, such as specific

Love Is An Important Thing - 893 Words

Love is an important thing in our life. Without love there is no reason to be a good person. Every person needs love in their life, no matter how beautiful, handsome, or strong they are. Love is always patient, kind, loyal, faithful, and true. Those who know about it, in their life, they can always get peace and joy, but those who don’t know the meaning of love, their life’s might be messed up. There are many different ways to love people. It can be between parents and children, friends, relatives, boy and girl, and God and people. Christian people believe that God loves everyone equally. Here we can find the love of God from the bible. This is how God showed his love to the world. 1 John 4:9-12 â€Å"In this the love of God was made manifest among us, that God sent his only Son into the world, so that we might live through him. In this is love, not that we have loved God but that he loved us and sent his Son to be the propitiation for our sins. Beloved, if God so love d us, we also ought to love one another. No one has ever seen God; if we love one another, God abides in us and his love is perfected in us.† What this means is, we were in sin, so God sent his only son (Jesus Christ) in this world to take our sin from us and to show us the right path. He preached and did many miracles in people s lives. At the end, Jesus had to die for us the cross to take our sin from us. The bible doesn’t say that Jesus paid a propitiation, but that he is a propitiation for our sins (RomShow MoreRelatedSonnet XX Of The Fatal Interview By Edna St. Vincent Millay1112 Words   |  5 PagesLove is not a physical thing that can be utilized in the world for it does not provide health, shelter, and food yet it is paramount to the point that it can lead to death. In â€Å"Sonnet XXX of the Fatal Interview†, by Edna St. Vincent Millay, the poet tells her readers about her experience of how love is not a necessity in life. Millay says that even though love does not fulfill a physical need such as thirst or hunger yet it is worth something more. Overall, love is more paramount than anything forRead MoreMy Experience Of Love745 Words   |  3 PagesLove is a certain emotion or feeling inside every individual. Most individuals at a point in their life have faced love, whether it’s being loved or have loved. Love appears to be the foremost principal objective that all individuals strive for in their lifetime. Love is one of the view things all individuals can come together and agree on that we need. There are different types of love, but my experience of love can be different from others. Being able to love yourself is very vital if you are tryingRead MoreWhat Is Love? What It Is?1527 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is Love? When asked the question â€Å"What is Love?† what are some of the first things that come to mind? Some people might say it is an emotion that we experience when we interact with the world around us. 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For example, Lennie said to George, â€Å"‘If you don’t want me I can go off into the hills and findRead MoreLove: the Four Letter Word1094 Words   |  5 PagesLove: The Four Letter Word Love, the four letter word that binds us all together. Whether it is the love of a significant other or your best friend, love is the glue to all relationships. Love is important as it give purpose and significance to bonds created with others. When you truly love another, the love for them is put above yourself. The main types of love are Companionship Love, Romantic or Sexual Love, Family Love, Friendship Love and Charity Love, all of which are not only important toRead MoreIs Love Important When Looking For A Partner? Essay1540 Words   |  7 Pages11/5/16 Exploratory Essay: Is Love Important When Looking for a Partner? The tale of Romeo and Juliet conveyed a love that was so strong and emotionally powerful between two young lovers that it has caused generations among generations to read about it. Flash forward to modern day, some people believe that we have walked past our future spouses without even knowing it. With all of the people we walk by each and every day it’s very likely to happen. The topic of love is not something that has justRead Moreâ€Å"Love†. Love Is A Strong Affection That Can Be Shown, Demonstrated,1010 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"LOVE† Love is a strong affection that can be shown, demonstrated, and expressed to one’s kids,spouse, and friends.I Love you is for me more than something that is just said the words. I would explain the love I being experienced during my life maternal, spiritual, and friendship. I strongly believe that is different types of love because of diversity, beliefs, and gender. Love it is a deep affection that drives me everyday with my daily responsibilities. Love is feel a deep romantic or sexualRead MoreLove and Lust Essay678 Words   |  3 PagesLove and Lust Love and lust are two very strong words with very strong meanings. In this class we discussed whether or not the two are related. Love and lust are two words that go hand and hand in relationships. They are emotions that are interlocked with one another. Without one it is hard to have the other and it also seems that in order to be in and stay in love, one must desire or lust after their partner. Without that desire, love and the wanting to be with ones partner can fade away.Read MoreContemporary American Culture and Materialism Essay871 Words   |  4 Pagescourse my mental image of materialism, happiness, and love were entirely different. I have been exposed to a different perception of our world today that I would have never experienced if I had not taken this course. Our course material helped me analyze how materialism affects me, and it helped me develop a more clear understanding of the meaning of love and happiness. Prior to studying modern American culture I was aware of my desires to buy things. Growing up as a kid you are influenced strongly byRead MoreLiving an Abundant Life: Loving Oneself1673 Words   |  7 Pagesable to live an abundant life. The meaning of an abundant life put simply is to truly love oneself. If a person can truly live out these seven components, they truly love themselves, and therefore they are living an abundant life. The seven essential components of living an abundant are: the ability to experience joy, the ability to be resilient, the ability to give love others, the ability to receive love from others, the ability to feel emotions, the possession of passion, and an adequate amount

Personal Mandala of Health Free Essays

Good health is considered important by many people. This is reflected in the way we wish each other ‘long live’ or ‘may you be blessed with good health’ during occasions or significant events and in the huge amount of resources spent on health and wellness maintenance. Unfortunately, ‘health’ has often times been mistaken to be limited to the absence of illness. We will write a custom essay sample on Personal Mandala of Health or any similar topic only for you Order Now More than the freedom from debilitating effects, however, good health   should give people the active capacity to engage in productive activities and enables human beings to achieve their fullest potentials. (Hancock 1982) Thus, far from the fixation over the physical and biological aspects, there has been increasing interest on a more holistic view of health that goes beyond curing sickness or preventing it from occurring, one that actually seeks to establish contexts and environments that let people and other species achieve and maximize all aspects of their being.(Vanleeuwen, et al. 1999; Earp Ennet 1991; Knight The development of better strategies for health promotion has also gained significance at a time when many of the diseases plaguing supposedly modern economies such as ours are traced to the influence of lifestyle and unhealthy environmental conditions. (Earp Ennet 1991) Today, many people suffer not only from the variety of illnesses manifested biologically but psychosocially and psychologically. The state of our health is further reflected not only in the state of ecosystems within our immediate vicinity but with the entire world. Until recently, people did not care much on whether the next generation of human beings would survive to inherent the world until persistent environmental problems forced them to confront the trade-offs of industrialization. There is much evidence that we human beings are responsible for the unhampered degradation of natural ecosystems; this has come to haunt us in the global disaster called climate change which directly threatens this planet with impending doom. In the midst of these problems, one’s perspective of health and wellness must therefore evolve from the myopic sense of the individual into one that takes into account the entire relationship of beings and organisms in the planet. Today’s notions of health must not only focus on the promotion of practices and awareness that benefit the human population but must also account for the impact of human activities on environmental balance. (Hancock 1982, 1983; VanLeeuwen, et. al. 1999) Necessarily, this translates into a radical overhaul of many of our existing beliefs, habits, and practices and may even be considered revolutionary as such ideas challenge the status quo and mainstream culture (Hancock 1982, 1993). The Mandala of Health formulated by Hancock (1993), for instance, integrates the concept of health with human and community development that urges us to look at health as a function of the interrelationship between the environment, economic situation, and community development. These factors are seen as necessary spheres from which health concepts, practices and public policies for health promotion must be evaluated against. More than a prescription, the mandala of health urges us to question whether prevailing conditions within and around us would actually promote or hamper the attainment of humanity’s health goals and if existing conditions of the environment, of communities, and of the socio-economic status of majority of the populations. Upon reflection, therefore, the questions of class, race, environment and gender ultimately surface when we attempt to examine closely how the development of healthy individuals, communities, and environment is linked to social justice. (Knight) It is with this keen sense of critical awareness that we understand the limitations of existing public health promotion programs in addressing serious health problems. The Mandla of Health brings us out of our comfort zones and forces us to reevaluate not only our lifestyles but our attitude towards health, which has been largely influenced and molded by consumerist culture. It gives us a framework to analyze how, to a very large extent, we have often times been guilty of the reductionist tendency to view our personal health goals as an end in itself rather than as a process. It challenges the prevailing biomedical framework which solely relies on the thorough knowledge of the human body but does not address the environment where it is situated. Clearly, there are abundant ideas on how the concept of health may be approached and problematised but their impacts in practical life—or in how its audience have actually taken up such ideas and employed them to work remains to be seen. Undoubtedly, the greater challenge does not lie anymore in figuring out the framework from which health should be established but in taking courage to implement the practical ways from which the mandala of health may be realized. On a personal level, I would like to raise the mandala of health to the higher challenge of human aesthetic and value sense. I think that the mandala of health is actually about balance, simplicity, and respect which is demonstrated in the way the original version of the concept was illustrated by Hancock (1993). These three concepts are interrelated in many ways, and may be utilized not only to present a general idea of how health can actually be achieved but also to reiterate the things that people actually know already but either chose to ignore or simply shrug off as nonsense. I stress the importance of balance because it addresses the main problem of humanity’s penchant for excesses that lead to psychosocial, biological, physical, and behavioral stresses on the human constitution. It is no surprise that today’s biggest health trend is stress management and stress reduction, or that many people spend money on diet fads while neglecting physical activities and ignoring the development of healthy eating habits. It addresses the problem of social justice by stating the need for equality in resource distribution. Likewise, the concept of balance necessitate that we consider the impact of our decisions and activities on the scale of our families, communities and immediate environments, necessitates the conscientious approach to events, phenomena, and problems, and urges us to carefully weigh between the benefit and risks on both the macro and micro levels. The concept of balance is thus intimately related to the idea of simplicity: in many ways our needs are actually simple enough but in many instances we fail to acknowledge that indeed they are, and fall trap into thinking that we will be happy—and healthy—with having too many things all at once. Simplicity is a key to health not only because it gives us stillness and rest from want, on a pragmatic level it also reduces the energy consumption in this planet expended by the need to produce more and more things than the human population can readily consume at any given time. Respect, on the other hand, stresses the need for the realization that we are not the center of the universe and that rights are not exclusive to human beings as a species. The concept of balance is related to respect in this aspect, all our decisions must take into account not only the benefit of our actions on the sustainable life of human beings in this planet but also those of other living beings. In the end, health is not only determined by the interrelationship of the concrete factors and systems that influence how we function physically, mentally, and spiritually but also by the highest ideals enshrined in the value systems of human beings that enable us to discern what is true, good, or just and makes us one with nature. While this is perhaps the simplest framework, yet is perhaps the hardest to practice in real life. Works Cited: Earp, J. E. S.A. Ennet (1991). Conceptual model for health education research and practice. Health Education Research, 6(2):163-171. Knight, James. (  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ). Models of Health. Hancock, T. (1982). Beyond health care: creating a healthy future. The Futurist, 16(4): 4-13. Hancock, T. (1993). Health, human development, and the community ecosystem: three ecological models. Health Promotion International, 8(1):41-47. VanLeeuwen, J. A., Waltner-Toews, D., Abernathy, T., B. Smitt. (1999) Evolving models of human health toward an ecosystem context. Ecosystem Health, 5(3): 204-219. How to cite Personal Mandala of Health, Essay examples

Racism free essay sample

I found myself thinking sociologically when I realized that equality in Canada is less practiced as what the Canadian Constitution Act of 1982 claims. In this constitution, it is stated that every individual should be treated equally regardless of their race, ethnicity, colour, religion, sex, age, and any disability; however, in reality, individuals experience inequality in the form of racism throughout the Canadian society. For instance, a few months ago, a black male was asked to leave the St. Laurent shopping centre by the mall securities as the position of his pants were viewed as not family-friendly but this type of fashion is normal for teenagers who are influenced by the hip-hop culture. As the man did not want to cause any trouble, he obeyed the securities but as he was escorted, the securities used unnecessary forces which caused scars and bruises to the individual. Furthermore, the black male was arrested and detained for 3 hours, then fined $65 by the Ottawa Police, and banned from the mall for 5 years. One witness stated that this was a case of racial profiling as she saw that the mall securities had no reason to assault the individual. Although many deny the existence of racism in the Canadian society, this type of inequality still largely exists. To further analyze this topic, articles written by various scholars on racial profiling in the criminal justice system and racism in the workplace in Canada will be compared and contrasted. Moreover, various sociological concepts learned from the class will be applied to explain racism. In addition, the Symbolic interactionist and Conflict perspectives will be compared and contrasted to have a better understanding of racism. Racism has been a long-standing problem that various individuals face in the Canadian society throughout the history. Particularly, racism has been an issue observed in the workplace. In the article â€Å"Organizing Against Racism in the Workplace: Chinese Workers in Vancouver Before the Second World War† , the author, Gillian Creese, argues that before the Second World War, Chinese workers experienced working condition that were worse than non-Asian workers. The author describes this condition as Asians were restricted to the least desirable jobs; they often worked longer hours, under worse conditions, had less job security and always received lower pay than white workers (Creese, 1987: 44). This created social stratification, an ethnic hierarchy due to disparity in economics resources and political rights. Karl Marx’s theory would view the Chinese as the proletariat, the working class, while Canadians would be the bourgeois, the capitalist class. As Chinese workers were mainly immigrants, their only way of earning income was to sell labour as a commodity whereas Canadians own and control the means of production. As Karl Marx predicted, a class conflict occurred between the two social class on which the Chinese workers engaged in labour protest to improve the equality rights in Canada, specifically in the workplace. However, these equality rights were not achieved during this period. The author concludes that although Chinese individuals were not extensively present in that time of history, they were present in the working class confrontation in British Columbia. After a few decades, racism is still greatly present in the workplace in Canada. In the article â€Å"Anti-Black Racism in Nursing in Ontario†, the author, Tania Das Gupta, argues that nurses’ experiences of racism were organized by the systematic management of practice of the institution they belong to. In 1990, seven Black nurses and one Filipino nurse from the hospital reported complaints with the Ontario Human Rights Commission due to racial harassment on which some cases they had been fired or forced to resign as a way of diminishing the count of Non-Canadian nurses. The author also indicates that â€Å"Historically, nurses of colour have been excluded from better paid, secure, more desirable jobs through systematic practices in the labour market and in other related institutions, such as educational system and the immigration system (Gupta ,1996: 99). Moreover, in 1940s, Canadian –born, black students were not admitted in Canadian nursing schools because of the idea that Canadian hospitals would not hire them. Thus, the author concludes that Black nurses face racism today because of the historical exclusion and segmentation in the labour market. The authors, Gillian Creese and Tania Das Gupta, both demonstrate that equality is less pronounced than the Canadian Constitution Act of 1982 states. Although these two articles were written on different time periods in history, both articles display racism in the Canadian society, specifically at a workplace. Creese focuses on the experiences of Chinese workers whereas Gupta investigates the experiences of Black nurses. However, Creeses description of racism is more extreme than Guptas, which could indicate that there has been an improvement in equality in Canada. Regardless, these articles prove that there is a difference between the promise made by the constitution and reality. Canada is known as a multicultural nation and is praise internationally for its immigration policy. However, there has been an issue of racial profiling in the criminal justice system. The article â€Å"The Usual Suspects: Police Stop and Search Practices in Canada† by Scot Wortley and Akwasi Owusu-Bempah, explores the existence of racial profiling. The authors argue that racial discrimination has existed throughout the Canadian society, predominantly with respect to the criminal justice system. Due to the restricted access to the official data of race stopped and searched by the police, the research was conducted with the use of qualitative data analysis. Respondents with the racial background of black, Chinese and white from Metropolitan Toronto were surveyed. The result indicates that black males are more likely to be stop and search by the Police. In addition, more black respondents indicated that they have close friends and family member who have experienced racial profiling. Various scholars argued that racial profiling is due to a systematic process of racialization, the classification of people into groups according to their skin colour or physical features. In the United States, young black males were perceived as â€Å"symbolic assailants†, which creates a tendency for police to stop and search young black males (Wortley Owusu-Bempah, 2011:402). The result of the survey demonstrates that the same racialization occurs in the Canadian police environment. Thus, the authors conclude that due to the stereotypes associated with black racial origin, this particular race is more likely to attract police’s attention that could contribute to the police’s decision to stop and search the individual. On October 2002, the Toronto Star began publicizing articles that state â€Å"black Torontonians are highly over-represented in certain charge categories – including drug possession† which lead to the controversial issue of racial profiling (Wortley Tanner, page 367; 2003). In the article â€Å"Data, Denials, and Confusion: The Racial Profiling Debate in Toronto†, the Toronto Police denied the Toronto Star’s accusation and called its analysis â€Å"junk science† (Wortley Tanner, page 367; 2003). As a result, Chief Fantino hired Edward Harvey, the University of Toronto Sociology professor to conduct a research on the Stat’s data. Harvey concluded that Toronto Star’s statement is invalid as there is no evidence of racial profiling being practice by the Toronto Police. However, the authors, Scot Wortley and Julian Tanner, argue that Harvey’s conclusion to disprove the Star’s allegation of racial bias is invalid. The author indicates that the method used by Harvey to re-analyze the Star’s data was inaccurate and there was a problem in interpretation of the data. For instance, the authors indicate â€Å"the fact that Harvey only focuses on police division with a greater than 6% black population completely distorts his analysis† (Wortley Tanner, 377; 2003). Therefore, the authors conclude that racial profiling is an unsolved issue and that a more thorough investigation is needed in order to create an accurate conclusion of the existence of racial profiling in the criminal justice system of Canada. The articles by Scot Wortley and Akwasi Owusu-Bempah, and Scot Wortley and Julian Tanner, both validate the argument that individuals in Canada are facing inequality as they portray the presence of racial profiling in Toronto. Wortley and Tanner state that Harvey’s conclusion to deny the accusation by the Toronto Star is invalid; however, this was not based on empirical statistic and the authors recommend a deeper research on the issue. But in the later years, Wortley and Owusu-Bempah performed a qualitative data analysis through a survey, and the results illustrate that black individuals are more vulnerable to police stop and search, supporting Wortley and Tanner’s argument. With this, it could be stated that there is discrimination occurring in the Canadian society. Racism is a combination of prejudice, ethnocentrism, stereotyping and discrimination. In the case of racial profiling, the minorities, individuals who are disadvantaged and have less rights in the society, experience prejudice and stereotyping. Stereotyping is the exaggerated belief of the appearance and behaviours of certain groups whereas prejudice is the act of negativity towards other individuals based on stereotypes. Black males are more vulnerable to be stop and search by the police than white males due to the stereotype associated with black males as criminals. In comparison, in the event of racism at a workplace, the minority encounters discrimination, the unfair treatments on which have negative impact to the subordinate group. Before the Second World War, Chinese individuals were discriminated by Canadians which resulted economic disparity. However, both forms of racism involve ethnocentrism, the belief that one culture is more superior to others. Sociologists use theoretical perspectives to help interpret reality in a distinct way. Symbolic interactionist examines racism in the micro level contacts of individuals of different race. According to the Symbolic interactionist, the contact between individuals of opposing race known as the contact hypothesis, may lead to positive attitudes when particular factors are present. Members of each group must have equal status, share goals, cooperation and positive feedback; however, if one of the members of a particular group does not confirm to this condition, hostility can occur. For instance, in racial profiling, when a police, usually a white individual, stops a black male, there is feeling of hostility invoke in the situation as the condition mentioned above is not attained. In the Canadian society, although the Constitution Act of 1982 indicates that every individual should be treated equally regardless of their race; different races are seen not to have equal status. There is still a tendency of seeing white individuals of having a higher status than other races. As a result, individuals treat each other as stereotype not as individuals. In contrast, conflict theory focuses on the power and economic disparity between the majority and minority groups to examine racism. Conflict theory uses â€Å"The Split Labour Market Theory† to explain racism in labour market. Split labour is the segregation of the economy into a primary sector, made up of higher-paid dominant group, and secondary sector, made up of lower-paid subordinate group who works in a hazardous environment. According to this theory, the dominant group uses racism to protect their position as they feel threatened by the subordinate group who are hired to reduce labor cost. This is evident as Canadians discriminated Chinese workers to keep their superiority in the labour market by paying Chinese workers with lower wages and not providing a safe working condition. With this in consideration, the Symbolic interactionist provides the best explanation of racism. Symbolic interactionist offers a perspective on which could be applied in general situation of racism whereas the conflict theory revolves around economic and power differences. For example, the Symbolic interactionist can be applied to the racism that occurs at school; however, conflict theory is not suitable to evaluate this form of racism. For instance, it is less likely for students to have economic and power disparity but there is a possibility that students of different race will not have equal status, share goals, and cooperate, which does not satisfy the condition stated above. As a result, students see each other as stereotype rather than a distinct entity. To summarize, equality in the Canadian society is an illusion that the Canadian Constitution Act of 1982 portrays as various forms of racism are displayed throughout the society. This is evident as several sociologists indicate their perspective about equality in Canada. In the situation of racism at the workplace, the authors, Gillian Crease and Tania Das Gupta, both confirm the occurrence of racism at the workplace as Chinese workers and black nurses were discriminated through lower pay and force resignation. Furthermore, the authors, Scot Wortley, Akwasi Owusu-Bempah, and Julian Tanner verify the engagement of Toronto Police to racial profiling. This is confirmed through the results of the qualitative data analysis and the disagreement with Edward Harvey’s conclusion, who denied Toronto Police’s participation in racial profiling. Therefore, these authors validate the practice of inequality in Canada. In the case of theoretical perspective, the Symbolic interactionist conveys racism through the personal contact of different races whereas the Conflict theory explains racism through the difference in economic and power. With that being said, the Symbolic interactionist offers the most suitable theoretical framework as it can be used to analyze different types of racism. This research is significant as it illustrates the misconception that individuals have about the topic of equality in Canada. The analysis of this research provides an explanation of the existence of racism in the Canadian society. For further research on this topic, quantitative data should be analyzed as this will allow for a more concrete conclusion of the topic. Thus, the study of equality from the sociological perspective is crucial in order to determine the factors that cause inequality in the society and to prevent it from occurring.